<?php

//

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * RedBean Logging interface.
     * Provides a uniform and convenient logging
     * interface throughout RedBeanPHP.
     *
     * @file    RedBean/Logging.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface Logger {

        /**
         * A logger (for\PDO or OCI driver) needs to implement the log method.
         * The log method will receive logging data. Note that the number of parameters is 0, this means
         * all parameters are optional and the number may vary. This way the logger can be used in a very
         * flexible way. Sometimes the logger is used to log a simple error message and in other
         * situations sql and bindings are passed.
         * The log method should be able to accept all kinds of parameters and data by using
         * functions like func_num_args/func_get_args.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function log();
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Logger {

    use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;

    /**
     * Logger. Provides a basic logging function for RedBeanPHP.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Logger.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class RDefault implements Logger {

        /**
         * Logger modes
         */
        const C_LOGGER_ECHO = 0;
        const C_LOGGER_ARRAY = 1;

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $mode = 0;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $logs = array();

        /**
         * Default logger method logging to STDOUT.
         * This is the default/reference implementation of a logger.
         * This method will write the message value to STDOUT (screen) unless
         * you have changed the mode of operation to C_LOGGER_ARRAY.
         *
         * @param $message (optional) message to log (might also be data or output)
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function log() {
            if (func_num_args() < 1)
                return;

            foreach (func_get_args() as $argument) {
                if (is_array($argument)) {
                    $log = print_r($argument, TRUE);
                    if ($this->mode === self::C_LOGGER_ECHO) {
                        echo $log;
                    } else {
                        $this->logs[] = $log;
                    }
                } else {
                    if ($this->mode === self::C_LOGGER_ECHO) {
                        echo $argument;
                    } else {
                        $this->logs[] = $argument;
                    }
                }

                if ($this->mode === self::C_LOGGER_ECHO)
                    echo "<br>\n";
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the internal log array.
         * The internal log array is where all log messages are stored.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getLogs() {
            return $this->logs;
        }

        /**
         * Clears the internal log array, removing all
         * previously stored entries.
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function clear() {
            $this->logs = array();
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Selects a logging mode.
         * There are several options available.
         *
         * C_LOGGER_ARRAY - log silently, stores entries in internal log array only
         * C_LOGGER_ECHO  - also forward log messages directly to STDOUT
         *
         * @param integer $mode mode of operation for logging object
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function setMode($mode) {
            if ($mode !== self::C_LOGGER_ARRAY && $mode !== self::C_LOGGER_ECHO) {
                throw new RedException('Invalid mode selected for logger, use C_LOGGER_ARRAY or C_LOGGER_ECHO.');
            }
            $this->mode = $mode;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Searches for all log entries in internal log array
         * for $needle and returns those entries.
         * This method will return an array containing all matches for your
         * search query.
         *
         * @param string $needle phrase to look for in internal log array
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function grep($needle) {
            $found = array();
            foreach ($this->logs as $logEntry) {
                if (strpos($logEntry, $needle) !== FALSE)
                    $found[] = $logEntry;
            }
            return $found;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault {

    use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
    use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault as RDefault;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;

    /**
     * Debug logger.
     * A special logger for debugging purposes.
     * Provides debugging logging functions for RedBeanPHP.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Logger/RDefault/Debug.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class Debug extends RDefault implements Logger {

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        private $strLen = 40;

        /**
         * Writes a query for logging with all bindings / params filled
         * in.
         *
         * @param string $newSql   the query
         * @param array  $bindings the bindings to process (key-value pairs)
         *
         * @return string
         */
        private function writeQuery($newSql, $newBindings) {
            //avoid str_replace collisions: slot1 and slot10 (issue 407).
            uksort($newBindings, function( $a, $b ) {
                return ( strlen($b) - strlen($a) );
            });

            $newStr = $newSql;
            foreach ($newBindings as $slot => $value) {
                if (strpos($slot, ':') === 0) {
                    $newStr = str_replace($slot, $this->fillInValue($value), $newStr);
                }
            }
            return $newStr;
        }

        /**
         * Fills in a value of a binding and truncates the
         * resulting string if necessary.
         *
         * @param mixed $value
         *
         * @return string
         */
        protected function fillInValue($value) {
            if (is_null($value))
                $value = 'NULL';

            $value = strval($value);
            if (strlen($value) > ( $this->strLen )) {
                $value = substr($value, 0, ( $this->strLen)) . '... ';
            }

            if (!is_numeric($value) && $value !== 'NULL') {
                $value = '\'' . $value . '\'';
            }

            return $value;
        }

        /**
         * Dependending on the current mode of operation,
         * this method will either log and output to STDIN or
         * just log.
         *
         * @param string $str string to log or output and log
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function output($str) {
            $this->logs[] = $str;
            if (!$this->mode)
                echo $str, '<br />';
        }

        /**
         * Normalizes the slots in an SQL string.
         * Replaces question mark slots with :slot1 :slot2 etc.
         *
         * @param string $sql sql to normalize
         *
         * @return string
         */
        protected function normalizeSlots($sql) {
            $i = 0;
            $newSql = $sql;
            while ($i < 20 && strpos($newSql, '?') !== FALSE) {
                $pos = strpos($newSql, '?');
                $slot = ':slot' . $i;
                $begin = substr($newSql, 0, $pos);
                $end = substr($newSql, $pos + 1);
                $newSql = $begin . $slot . $end;
                $i++;
            }
            return $newSql;
        }

        /**
         * Normalizes the bindings.
         * Replaces numeric binding keys with :slot1 :slot2 etc.
         *
         * @param array $bindings bindings to normalize
         *
         * @return array
         */
        protected function normalizeBindings($bindings) {
            $i = 0;
            $newBindings = array();
            foreach ($bindings as $key => $value) {
                if (is_numeric($key)) {
                    $newKey = ':slot' . $i;
                    $newBindings[$newKey] = $value;
                    $i++;
                } else {
                    $newBindings[$key] = $value;
                }
            }
            return $newBindings;
        }

        /**
         * Logger method.
         *
         * Takes a number of arguments tries to create
         * a proper debug log based on the available data.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function log() {
            if (func_num_args() < 1)
                return;

            $sql = func_get_arg(0);

            if (func_num_args() < 2) {
                $bindings = array();
            } else {
                $bindings = func_get_arg(1);
            }

            if (!is_array($bindings)) {
                return $this->output($sql);
            }

            $newSql = $this->normalizeSlots($sql);
            $newBindings = $this->normalizeBindings($bindings);
            $newStr = $this->writeQuery($newSql, $newBindings);
            $this->output($newStr);
        }

        /**
         * Sets the max string length for the parameter output in
         * SQL queries. Set this value to a reasonable number to
         * keep you SQL queries readable.
         *
         * @param integer $len string length
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function setParamStringLength($len = 20) {
            $this->strLen = max(0, $len);
            return $this;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * Interface for database drivers.
     * The Driver API conforms to the ADODB pseudo standard
     * for database drivers.
     *
     * @file       RedBeanPHP/Driver.php
     * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license    BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface Driver {

        /**
         * Runs a query and fetches results as a multi dimensional array.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL to be executed
         * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function GetAll($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Runs a query and fetches results as a column.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL Code to execute
         * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function GetCol($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Runs a query and returns results as a single cell.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL to execute
         * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function GetOne($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Runs a query and returns results as an associative array
         * indexed by the first column.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL to execute
         * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function GetAssocRow($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Runs a query and returns a flat array containing the values of
         * one row.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL to execute
         * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function GetRow($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Executes SQL code and allows key-value binding.
         * This function allows you to provide an array with values to bind
         * to query parameters. For instance you can bind values to question
         * marks in the query. Each value in the array corresponds to the
         * question mark in the query that matches the position of the value in the
         * array. You can also bind values using explicit keys, for instance
         * array(":key"=>123) will bind the integer 123 to the key :key in the
         * SQL. This method has no return value.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL Code to execute
         * @param array  $bindings list of values to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array Affected Rows
         */
        public function Execute($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns the latest insert ID if driver does support this
         * feature.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function GetInsertID();

        /**
         * Returns the number of rows affected by the most recent query
         * if the currently selected driver driver supports this feature.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function Affected_Rows();

        /**
         * Returns a cursor-like object from the database.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL code to execute
         * @param array  $bindings Bindings
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function GetCursor($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Toggles debug mode. In debug mode the driver will print all
         * SQL to the screen together with some information about the
         * results. All SQL code that passes through the driver will be
         * passes on to the screen for inspection.
         * This method has no return value.
         *
         * @param boolean $trueFalse turn on/off
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setDebugMode($tf);

        /**
         * Starts a transaction.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function CommitTrans();

        /**
         * Commits a transaction.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function StartTrans();

        /**
         * Rolls back a transaction.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function FailTrans();

        /**
         * Resets the internal Query Counter.
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function resetCounter();

        /**
         * Returns the number of SQL queries processed.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function getQueryCount();
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Driver {

    use RedBeanPHP\Driver as Driver;
    use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQL;
    use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault as RDefault;
    use RedBeanPHP\PDOCompatible as PDOCompatible;
    use RedBeanPHP\Cursor\PDOCursor as PDOCursor;

    /**
     * PDO Driver
     * This Driver implements the RedBean Driver API.
     * for RedBeanPHP. This is the standard / default database driver
     * for RedBeanPHP.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/PDO.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community, Desfrenes
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) Desfrenes & Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class RPDO implements Driver {

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $max;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $dsn;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected $loggingEnabled = FALSE;

        /**
         * @var Logger
         */
        protected $logger = NULL;

        /**
         * @var PDO
         */
        protected $pdo;

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $affectedRows;

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $resultArray;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $connectInfo = array();

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected $isConnected = FALSE;

        /**
         * @var bool
         */
        protected $flagUseStringOnlyBinding = FALSE;

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $queryCounter = 0;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $mysqlEncoding = '';

        /**
         * Binds parameters. This method binds parameters to a PDOStatement for
         * Query Execution. This method binds parameters as NULL, INTEGER or STRING
         * and supports both named keys and question mark keys.
         *
         * @param PDOStatement $statement PDO Statement instance
         * @param array        $bindings  values that need to get bound to the statement
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function bindParams($statement, $bindings) {
            foreach ($bindings as $key => &$value) {
                if (is_integer($key)) {
                    if (is_null($value)) {
                        $statement->bindValue($key + 1, NULL, \PDO::PARAM_NULL);
                    } elseif (!$this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding && AQueryWriter::canBeTreatedAsInt($value) && abs($value) <= $this->max) {
                        $statement->bindParam($key + 1, $value, \PDO::PARAM_INT);
                    } else {
                        $statement->bindParam($key + 1, $value, \PDO::PARAM_STR);
                    }
                } else {
                    if (is_null($value)) {
                        $statement->bindValue($key, NULL, \PDO::PARAM_NULL);
                    } elseif (!$this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding && AQueryWriter::canBeTreatedAsInt($value) && abs($value) <= $this->max) {
                        $statement->bindParam($key, $value, \PDO::PARAM_INT);
                    } else {
                        $statement->bindParam($key, $value, \PDO::PARAM_STR);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * This method runs the actual SQL query and binds a list of parameters to the query.
         * slots. The result of the query will be stored in the protected property
         * $rs (always array). The number of rows affected (result of rowcount, if supported by database)
         * is stored in protected property $affectedRows. If the debug flag is set
         * this function will send debugging output to screen buffer.
         *
         * @param string $sql      the SQL string to be send to database server
         * @param array  $bindings the values that need to get bound to the query slots
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws SQL
         */
        protected function runQuery($sql, $bindings, $options = array()) {
            $this->connect();
            if ($this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger) {
                $this->logger->log($sql, $bindings);
            }
            try {
                if (strpos('pgsql', $this->dsn) === 0) {
                    if (defined('\PDO::PGSQL_ATTR_DISABLE_NATIVE_PREPARED_STATEMENT')) {
                        $statement = $this->pdo->prepare($sql, array(\PDO::PGSQL_ATTR_DISABLE_NATIVE_PREPARED_STATEMENT => TRUE));
                    } else {
                        $statement = $this->pdo->prepare($sql);
                    }
                } else {
                    $statement = $this->pdo->prepare($sql);
                }
                $this->bindParams($statement, $bindings);
                $statement->execute();
                $this->queryCounter ++;
                $this->affectedRows = $statement->rowCount();
                if ($statement->columnCount()) {
                    $fetchStyle = ( isset($options['fetchStyle']) ) ? $options['fetchStyle'] : NULL;
                    if (isset($options['noFetch']) && $options['noFetch']) {
                        $this->resultArray = array();
                        return $statement;
                    }
                    $this->resultArray = $statement->fetchAll($fetchStyle);
                    if ($this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger) {
                        $this->logger->log('resultset: ' . count($this->resultArray) . ' rows');
                    }
                } else {
                    $this->resultArray = array();
                }
            } catch (\PDOException $e) {
                //Unfortunately the code field is supposed to be int by default (php)
                //So we need a property to convey the SQL State code.
                $err = $e->getMessage();
                if ($this->loggingEnabled && $this->logger)
                    $this->logger->log('An error occurred: ' . $err);
                $exception = new SQL($err, 0);
                $exception->setSQLState($e->getCode());
                throw $exception;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Try to fix MySQL character encoding problems.
         * MySQL < 5.5 does not support proper 4 byte unicode but they
         * seem to have added it with version 5.5 under a different label: utf8mb4.
         * We try to select the best possible charset based on your version data.
         */
        protected function setEncoding() {
            $driver = $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME);
            $version = floatval($this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION));
            if ($driver === 'mysql') {
                $encoding = ($version >= 5.5) ? 'utf8mb4' : 'utf8';
                $this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND, 'SET NAMES ' . $encoding); //on every re-connect
                $this->pdo->exec(' SET NAMES ' . $encoding); //also for current connection
                $this->mysqlEncoding = $encoding;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Constructor. You may either specify dsn, user and password or
         * just give an existing PDO connection.
         *
         * Examples:
         *    $driver = new RPDO($dsn, $user, $password);
         *    $driver = new RPDO($existingConnection);
         *
         * @param string|object $dsn    database connection string
         * @param string        $user   optional, usename to sign in
         * @param string        $pass   optional, password for connection login
         *
         */
        public function __construct($dsn, $user = NULL, $pass = NULL) {
            if (is_object($dsn)) {
                $this->pdo = $dsn;
                $this->isConnected = TRUE;
                $this->setEncoding();
                $this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
                $this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE, \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
                // make sure that the dsn at least contains the type
                $this->dsn = $this->getDatabaseType();
            } else {
                $this->dsn = $dsn;
                $this->connectInfo = array('pass' => $pass, 'user' => $user);
            }

            //PHP 5.3 PDO SQLite has a bug with large numbers:
            if (( strpos($this->dsn, 'sqlite') === 0 && PHP_MAJOR_VERSION === 5 && PHP_MINOR_VERSION === 3 ) || defined('HHVM_VERSION') || $this->dsn === 'test-sqlite-53') {
                $this->max = 2147483647; //otherwise you get -2147483648 ?! demonstrated in build #603 on Travis.
            } elseif (strpos($this->dsn, 'cubrid') === 0) {
                $this->max = 2147483647; //bindParam in pdo_cubrid also fails...
            } else {
                $this->max = PHP_INT_MAX; //the normal value of course (makes it possible to use large numbers in LIMIT clause)
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the best possible encoding for MySQL based on version data.
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getMysqlEncoding() {
            return $this->mysqlEncoding;
        }

        /**
         * Whether to bind all parameters as strings.
         * If set to TRUE this will cause all integers to be bound as STRINGS.
         * This will NOT affect NULL values.
         *
         * @param boolean $yesNo pass TRUE to bind all parameters as strings.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setUseStringOnlyBinding($yesNo) {
            $this->flagUseStringOnlyBinding = (boolean) $yesNo;
        }

        /**
         * Sets the maximum value to be bound as integer, normally
         * this value equals PHP's MAX INT constant, however sometimes
         * PDO driver bindings cannot bind large integers as integers.
         * This method allows you to manually set the max integer binding
         * value to manage portability/compatibility issues among different
         * PHP builds. This method will return the old value.
         *
         * @param integer $max maximum value for integer bindings
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function setMaxIntBind($max) {
            if (!is_integer($max))
                throw new RedException('Parameter has to be integer.');
            $oldMax = $this->max;
            $this->max = $max;
            return $oldMax;
        }

        /**
         * Establishes a connection to the database using PHP\PDO
         * functionality. If a connection has already been established this
         * method will simply return directly. This method also turns on
         * UTF8 for the database and PDO-ERRMODE-EXCEPTION as well as
         * PDO-FETCH-ASSOC.
         *
         * @throws\PDOException
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function connect() {
            if ($this->isConnected)
                return;
            try {
                $user = $this->connectInfo['user'];
                $pass = $this->connectInfo['pass'];
                $this->pdo = new \PDO(
                        $this->dsn, $user, $pass
                );
                $this->setEncoding();
                $this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_STRINGIFY_FETCHES, TRUE);
                //cant pass these as argument to constructor, CUBRID driver does not understand...
                $this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
                $this->pdo->setAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE, \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
                $this->isConnected = TRUE;
            } catch (\PDOException $exception) {
                $matches = array();
                $dbname = ( preg_match('/dbname=(\w+)/', $this->dsn, $matches) ) ? $matches[1] : '?';
                throw new \PDOException('Could not connect to database (' . $dbname . ').', $exception->getCode());
            }
        }

        /**
         * Directly sets PDO instance into driver.
         * This method might improve performance, however since the driver does
         * not configure this instance terrible things may happen... only use
         * this method if you are an expert on RedBeanPHP, PDO and UTF8 connections and
         * you know your database server VERY WELL.
         *
         * @param PDO $pdo PDO instance
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setPDO(\PDO $pdo) {
            $this->pdo = $pdo;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetAll
         */
        public function GetAll($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->runQuery($sql, $bindings);
            return $this->resultArray;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetAssocRow
         */
        public function GetAssocRow($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->runQuery($sql, $bindings, array(
                'fetchStyle' => \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC
                    )
            );
            return $this->resultArray;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetCol
         */
        public function GetCol($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $rows = $this->GetAll($sql, $bindings);
            $cols = array();
            if ($rows && is_array($rows) && count($rows) > 0) {
                foreach ($rows as $row) {
                    $cols[] = array_shift($row);
                }
            }

            return $cols;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetOne
         */
        public function GetOne($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $arr = $this->GetAll($sql, $bindings);
            $res = NULL;
            if (!is_array($arr))
                return NULL;
            if (count($arr) === 0)
                return NULL;
            $row1 = array_shift($arr);
            if (!is_array($row1))
                return NULL;
            if (count($row1) === 0)
                return NULL;
            $col1 = array_shift($row1);
            return $col1;
        }

        /**
         * Alias for getOne().
         * Backward compatibility.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings bindings
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function GetCell($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return $this->GetOne($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetRow
         */
        public function GetRow($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $arr = $this->GetAll($sql, $bindings);
            return array_shift($arr);
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::Excecute
         */
        public function Execute($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->runQuery($sql, $bindings);
            return $this->affectedRows;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetInsertID
         */
        public function GetInsertID() {
            $this->connect();

            return (int) $this->pdo->lastInsertId();
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::GetCursor
         */
        public function GetCursor($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $statement = $this->runQuery($sql, $bindings, array('noFetch' => TRUE));
            $cursor = new PDOCursor($statement, \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
            return $cursor;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::Affected_Rows
         */
        public function Affected_Rows() {
            $this->connect();
            return (int) $this->affectedRows;
        }

        /**
         * Toggles debug mode. In debug mode the driver will print all
         * SQL to the screen together with some information about the
         * results.
         *
         * @param boolean $trueFalse turn on/off
         * @param Logger  $logger    logger instance
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setDebugMode($tf, $logger = NULL) {
            $this->connect();
            $this->loggingEnabled = (bool) $tf;
            if ($this->loggingEnabled and ! $logger) {
                $logger = new RDefault();
            }
            $this->setLogger($logger);
        }

        /**
         * Injects Logger object.
         * Sets the logger instance you wish to use.
         *
         * @param Logger $logger the logger instance to be used for logging
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setLogger(Logger $logger) {
            $this->logger = $logger;
        }

        /**
         * Gets Logger object.
         * Returns the currently active Logger instance.
         *
         * @return Logger
         */
        public function getLogger() {
            return $this->logger;
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::StartTrans
         */
        public function StartTrans() {
            $this->connect();
            $this->pdo->beginTransaction();
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::CommitTrans
         */
        public function CommitTrans() {
            $this->connect();
            $this->pdo->commit();
        }

        /**
         * @see Driver::FailTrans
         */
        public function FailTrans() {
            $this->connect();
            $this->pdo->rollback();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the name of database driver for PDO.
         * Uses the PDO attribute DRIVER NAME to obtain the name of the
         * PDO driver.
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getDatabaseType() {
            $this->connect();

            return $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the version number of the database.
         *
         * @return mixed $version version number of the database
         */
        public function getDatabaseVersion() {
            $this->connect();
            return $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the underlying PHP PDO instance.
         *
         * @return PDO
         */
        public function getPDO() {
            $this->connect();
            return $this->pdo;
        }

        /**
         * Closes database connection by destructing\PDO.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function close() {
            $this->pdo = NULL;
            $this->isConnected = FALSE;
        }

        /**
         * Returns TRUE if the current\PDO instance is connected.
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function isConnected() {
            return $this->isConnected && $this->pdo;
        }

        /**
         * Toggles logging, enables or disables logging.
         *
         * @param boolean $enable TRUE to enable logging
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function setEnableLogging($enable) {
            $this->loggingEnabled = (boolean) $enable;
        }

        /**
         * Resets the internal Query Counter.
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function resetCounter() {
            $this->queryCounter = 0;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the number of SQL queries processed.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function getQueryCount() {
            return $this->queryCounter;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the maximum value treated as integer parameter
         * binding.
         *
         * This method is mainly for testing purposes but it can help
         * you solve some issues relating to integer bindings.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function getIntegerBindingMax() {
            return $this->max;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

    /**
     * OODBBean (Object Oriented DataBase Bean).
     *
     * to exchange information with the database. A bean represents
     * a single table row and offers generic services for interaction
     * with databases systems as well as some meta-data.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/OODBBean.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     * @desc    OODBBean represents a bean. RedBeanPHP uses beans
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class OODBBean implements\IteratorAggregate, \ArrayAccess, \Countable {

        /**
         * FUSE error modes.
         */
        const C_ERR_IGNORE = FALSE;
        const C_ERR_LOG = 1;
        const C_ERR_NOTICE = 2;
        const C_ERR_WARN = 3;
        const C_ERR_EXCEPTION = 4;
        const C_ERR_FUNC = 5;
        const C_ERR_FATAL = 6;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected static $errorHandlingFUSE = FALSE;

        /**
         * @var callable|NULL
         */
        protected static $errorHandler = NULL;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected static $aliases = array();

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected static $autoResolve = FALSE;

        /**
         * Sets the error mode for FUSE.
         * What to do if a FUSE model method does not exist?
         * You can set the following options:
         *
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_IGNORE (default), ignores the call, returns NULL
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_LOG, logs the incident using error_log
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_NOTICE, triggers a E_USER_NOTICE
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_WARN, triggers a E_USER_WARNING
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_EXCEPTION, throws an exception
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_FUNC, allows you to specify a custom handler (function)
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_FATAL, triggers a E_USER_ERROR
         *
         * Custom handler method signature: handler( array (
         * 	'message' => string
         * 	'bean' => OODBBean
         * 	'method' => string
         * ) )
         *
         * This method returns the old mode and handler as an array.
         *
         * @param integer       $mode mode
         * @param callable|NULL $func custom handler
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function setErrorHandlingFUSE($mode, $func = NULL) {
            if (
                    $mode !== self::C_ERR_IGNORE && $mode !== self::C_ERR_LOG && $mode !== self::C_ERR_NOTICE && $mode !== self::C_ERR_WARN && $mode !== self::C_ERR_EXCEPTION && $mode !== self::C_ERR_FUNC && $mode !== self::C_ERR_FATAL
            )
                throw new \Exception('Invalid error mode selected');

            if ($mode === self::C_ERR_FUNC && !is_callable($func)) {
                throw new \Exception('Invalid error handler');
            }

            $old = array(self::$errorHandlingFUSE, self::$errorHandler);
            self::$errorHandlingFUSE = $mode;
            if (is_callable($func)) {
                self::$errorHandler = $func;
            } else {
                self::$errorHandler = NULL;
            }
            return $old;
        }

        /**
         * Sets aliases.
         *
         * @param array $list
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function aliases($list) {
            self::$aliases = $list;
        }

        /**
         * Enables or disables auto-resolving fetch types.
         * Auto-resolving aliased parent beans is convenient but can
         * be slower and can create infinite recursion if you
         * used aliases to break cyclic relations in your domain.
         *
         * @param boolean $automatic TRUE to enable automatic resolving aliased parents
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setAutoResolve($automatic = TRUE) {
            self::$autoResolve = (boolean) $automatic;
        }

        /**
         * This is where the real properties of the bean live. They are stored and retrieved
         * by the magic getter and setter (__get and __set).
         *
         * @var array $properties
         */
        protected $properties = array();

        /**
         * Here we keep the meta data of a bean.
         *
         * @var array
         */
        protected $__info = array();

        /**
         * The BeanHelper allows the bean to access the toolbox objects to implement
         * rich functionality, otherwise you would have to do everything with R or
         * external objects.
         *
         * @var BeanHelper
         */
        protected $beanHelper = NULL;

        /**
         * @var null
         */
        protected $fetchType = NULL;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $withSql = '';

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $withParams = array();

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $aliasName = NULL;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $via = NULL;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected $noLoad = FALSE;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected $all = FALSE;

        /**
         * Sets a meta property for all beans. This is a quicker way to set
         * the meta properties for a collection of beans because this method
         * can directly access the property arrays of the beans.
         * This method returns the beans.
         *
         * @param array  $beans    beans to set the meta property of
         * @param string $property property to set
         * @param mixed  $value    value
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function setMetaAll($beans, $property, $value) {
            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                if ($bean instanceof OODBBean)
                    $bean->__info[$property] = $value;
            }

            return $beans;
        }

        /**
         * Parses the join in the with-snippet.
         * For instance:
         *
         * $author
         * 	->withCondition(' @joined.detail.title LIKE ? ')
         *  ->ownBookList;
         *
         * will automatically join 'detail' on book to
         * access the title field.
         *
         * @note this feature requires Narrow Field Mode and Join Feature
         * to be both activated (default).
         *
         * @param string $type the source type for the join
         *
         * @return string $joinSql
         */
        private function parseJoin($type) {
            $joinSql = '';
            $joins = array();
            if (strpos($this->withSql, '@joined.') !== FALSE) {
                $writer = $this->beanHelper->getToolBox()->getWriter();
                $oldParts = $parts = explode('@joined.', $this->withSql);
                array_shift($parts);
                foreach ($parts as $part) {
                    $explosion = explode('.', $part);
                    $joinInfo = array_shift($explosion);
                    //Dont join more than once..
                    if (!isset($joins[$joinInfo])) {
                        $joins[$joinInfo] = true;
                        $joinSql .= $writer->writeJoin($type, $joinInfo, 'LEFT');
                    }
                }
                $this->withSql = implode('', $oldParts);
                $joinSql .= ' WHERE ';
            }
            return $joinSql;
        }

        /**
         * Internal method.
         * Obtains a shared list for a certain type.
         *
         * @param string $type the name of the list you want to retrieve.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        private function getSharedList($type, $redbean, $toolbox) {
            $writer = $toolbox->getWriter();

            if ($this->via) {
                $oldName = $writer->getAssocTable(array($this->__info['type'], $type));
                if ($oldName !== $this->via) {
                    //set the new renaming rule
                    $writer->renameAssocTable($oldName, $this->via);
                }
                $this->via = NULL;
            }

            $beans = array();
            if ($this->getID()) {
                $type = $this->beau($type);
                $assocManager = $redbean->getAssociationManager();
                $beans = $assocManager->related($this, $type, $this->withSql, $this->withParams);
            }

            $this->withSql = '';
            $this->withParams = array();

            return $beans;
        }

        /**
         * Internal method.
         * Obtains the own list of a certain type.
         *
         * @param string      $type   name of the list you want to retrieve
         * @param OODB        $oodb   The RB OODB object database instance
         *
         * @return array
         */
        private function getOwnList($type, $redbean) {
            $type = $this->beau($type);

            if ($this->aliasName) {
                $parentField = $this->aliasName;
                $myFieldLink = $parentField . '_id';

                $this->__info['sys.alias.' . $type] = $this->aliasName;

                $this->aliasName = NULL;
            } else {
                $parentField = $this->__info['type'];
                $myFieldLink = $parentField . '_id';
            }

            $beans = array();

            if ($this->getID()) {

                $firstKey = NULL;
                if (count($this->withParams) > 0) {
                    reset($this->withParams);

                    $firstKey = key($this->withParams);
                }

                $joinSql = $this->parseJoin($type);

                if (!is_numeric($firstKey) || $firstKey === NULL) {
                    $bindings = $this->withParams;
                    $bindings[':slot0'] = $this->getID();

                    $beans = $redbean->find($type, array(), " {$joinSql} $myFieldLink = :slot0 " . $this->withSql, $bindings);
                } else {
                    $bindings = array_merge(array($this->getID()), $this->withParams);

                    $beans = $redbean->find($type, array(), " {$joinSql} $myFieldLink = ? " . $this->withSql, $bindings);
                }
            }

            $this->withSql = '';
            $this->withParams = array();

            foreach ($beans as $beanFromList) {
                $beanFromList->__info['sys.parentcache.' . $parentField] = $this;
            }

            return $beans;
        }

        /**
         * Initializes a bean. Used by OODB for dispensing beans.
         * It is not recommended to use this method to initialize beans. Instead
         * use the OODB object to dispense new beans. You can use this method
         * if you build your own bean dispensing mechanism.
         *
         * @param string             $type       type of the new bean
         * @param BeanHelper $beanhelper bean helper to obtain a toolbox and a model
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function initializeForDispense($type, BeanHelper $beanhelper) {
            $this->beanHelper = $beanhelper;
            $this->__info['type'] = $type;
            $this->__info['sys.id'] = 'id';
            $this->__info['sys.orig'] = array('id' => 0);
            $this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
            $this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;
            $this->properties['id'] = 0;
        }

        /**
         * Sets the Bean Helper. Normally the Bean Helper is set by OODB.
         * Here you can change the Bean Helper. The Bean Helper is an object
         * providing access to a toolbox for the bean necessary to retrieve
         * nested beans (bean lists: ownBean, sharedBean) without the need to
         * rely on static calls to the facade (or make this class dep. on OODB).
         *
         * @param BeanHelper $helper
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setBeanHelper(BeanHelper $helper) {
            $this->beanHelper = $helper;
        }

        /**
         * Returns an\ArrayIterator so you can treat the bean like
         * an array with the properties container as its contents.
         * This method is meant for PHP and allows you to access beans as if
         * they were arrays, i.e. using array notation:
         *
         * $bean[$key] = $value;
         *
         * Note that not all PHP functions work with the array interface.
         *
         * @return \ArrayIterator
         */
        public function getIterator() {
            return new\ArrayIterator($this->properties);
        }

        /**
         * Imports all values from an associative array $array. Chainable.
         * This method imports the values in the first argument as bean
         * propery and value pairs. Use the second parameter to provide a
         * selection. If a selection array is passed, only the entries
         * having keys mentioned in the selection array will be imported.
         * Set the third parameter to TRUE to preserve spaces in selection keys.
         *
         * @param array        $array     what you want to import
         * @param string|array $selection selection of values
         * @param boolean      $notrim    if TRUE selection keys will NOT be trimmed
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function import($array, $selection = FALSE, $notrim = FALSE) {
            if (is_string($selection)) {
                $selection = explode(',', $selection);
            }

            if (!$notrim && is_array($selection)) {
                foreach ($selection as $key => $selected) {
                    $selection[$key] = trim($selected);
                }
            }

            foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
                if ($key != '__info') {
                    if (!$selection || ( $selection && in_array($key, $selection) )) {
                        if (is_array($value)) {
                            if (isset($value['_type'])) {
                                $bean = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getRedBean()->dispense($value['_type']);
                                unset($value['_type']);
                                $bean->import($value);
                                $this->$key = $bean;
                            } else {
                                $listBeans = array();
                                foreach ($value as $listKey => $listItem) {
                                    $bean = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getRedBean()->dispense($listItem['_type']);
                                    unset($listItem['_type']);
                                    $bean->import($listItem);
                                    $list = &$this->$key;
                                    $list[$listKey] = $bean;
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            $this->$key = $value;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Fast way to import a row.
         * Does not perform any checks.
         *
         * @param array $row a database row
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function importRow($row) {
            $this->properties = $row;
            $this->__info['sys.orig'] = $row;
            $this->__info['changed'] = FALSE;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Imports data from another bean. Chainable.
         * Copies the properties from the source bean to the internal
         * property list.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $sourceBean the source bean to take properties from
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function importFrom(OODBBean $sourceBean) {
            $this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
            $this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;
            $this->properties = $sourceBean->properties;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Injects the properties of another bean but keeps the original ID.
         * Just like import() but keeps the original ID.
         * Chainable.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $otherBean the bean whose properties you would like to copy
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function inject(OODBBean $otherBean) {
            $myID = $this->properties['id'];

            $this->import($otherBean->export());

            $this->id = $myID;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Exports the bean as an array.
         * This function exports the contents of a bean to an array and returns
         * the resulting array.
         *
         * @param boolean $meta    set to TRUE if you want to export meta data as well
         * @param boolean $parents set to TRUE if you want to export parents as well
         * @param boolean $onlyMe  set to TRUE if you want to export only this bean
         * @param array   $filters optional whitelist for export
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function export($meta = FALSE, $parents = FALSE, $onlyMe = FALSE, $filters = array()) {
            $arr = array();

            if ($parents) {
                foreach ($this as $key => $value) {
                    if (substr($key, -3) != '_id')
                        continue;

                    $prop = substr($key, 0, strlen($key) - 3);
                    $this->$prop;
                }
            }

            $hasFilters = is_array($filters) && count($filters);

            foreach ($this as $key => $value) {
                if (!$onlyMe && is_array($value)) {
                    $vn = array();

                    foreach ($value as $i => $b) {
                        if (!( $b instanceof OODBBean ))
                            continue;
                        $vn[] = $b->export($meta, FALSE, FALSE, $filters);
                        $value = $vn;
                    }
                } elseif ($value instanceof OODBBean) {
                    if ($hasFilters) {
                        if (!in_array(strtolower($value->getMeta('type')), $filters))
                            continue;
                    }

                    $value = $value->export($meta, $parents, FALSE, $filters);
                }

                $arr[$key] = $value;
            }

            if ($meta) {
                $arr['__info'] = $this->__info;
            }

            return $arr;
        }

        /**
         * Implements isset() function for use as an array.
         *
         * @param string $property name of the property you want to check
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function __isset($property) {
            $property = $this->beau($property);

            if (strpos($property, 'xown') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 4, 1))) {
                $property = substr($property, 1);
            }
            return isset($this->properties[$property]);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the ID of the bean no matter what the ID field is.
         *
         * @return string|null
         */
        public function getID() {
            return ( isset($this->properties['id']) ) ? (string) $this->properties['id'] : NULL;
        }

        /**
         * Unsets a property of a bean.
         * Magic method, gets called implicitly when performing the unset() operation
         * on a bean property.
         *
         * @param  string $property property to unset
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function __unset($property) {
            $property = $this->beau($property);

            if (strpos($property, 'xown') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 4, 1))) {
                $property = substr($property, 1);
            }

            unset($this->properties[$property]);

            $shadowKey = 'sys.shadow.' . $property;
            if (isset($this->__info[$shadowKey]))
                unset($this->__info[$shadowKey]);

            //also clear modifiers
            $this->withSql = '';
            $this->withParams = array();
            $this->aliasName = NULL;
            $this->fetchType = NULL;
            $this->noLoad = FALSE;
            $this->all = FALSE;
            $this->via = NULL;

            return;
        }

        /**
         * Adds WHERE clause conditions to ownList retrieval.
         * For instance to get the pages that belong to a book you would
         * issue the following command: $book->ownPage
         * However, to order these pages by number use:
         *
         * $book->with(' ORDER BY `number` ASC ')->ownPage
         *
         * the additional SQL snippet will be merged into the final
         * query.
         *
         * @param string $sql SQL to be added to retrieval query.
         * @param array       $bindings array with parameters to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function with($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->withSql = $sql;
            $this->withParams = $bindings;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Just like with(). Except that this method prepends the SQL query snippet
         * with AND which makes it slightly more comfortable to use a conditional
         * SQL snippet. For instance to filter an own-list with pages (belonging to
         * a book) on specific chapters you can use:
         *
         * $book->withCondition(' chapter = 3 ')->ownPage
         *
         * This will return in the own list only the pages having 'chapter == 3'.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL to be added to retrieval query (prefixed by AND)
         * @param array  $bindings array with parameters to bind to SQL snippet
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function withCondition($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->withSql = ' AND ' . $sql;
            $this->withParams = $bindings;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Tells the bean to (re)load the following list without any
         * conditions. If you have an ownList or sharedList with a
         * condition you can use this method to reload the entire list.
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * $bean->with( ' LIMIT 3 ' )->ownPage; //Just 3
         * $bean->all()->ownPage; //Reload all pages
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function all() {
            $this->all = TRUE;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Tells the bean to only access the list but not load
         * its contents. Use this if you only want to add something to a list
         * and you have no interest in retrieving its contents from the database.
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function noLoad() {
            $this->noLoad = TRUE;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Prepares an own-list to use an alias. This is best explained using
         * an example. Imagine a project and a person. The project always involves
         * two persons: a teacher and a student. The person beans have been aliased in this
         * case, so to the project has a teacher_id pointing to a person, and a student_id
         * also pointing to a person. Given a project, we obtain the teacher like this:
         *
         * $project->fetchAs('person')->teacher;
         *
         * Now, if we want all projects of a teacher we cant say:
         *
         * $teacher->ownProject
         *
         * because the $teacher is a bean of type 'person' and no project has been
         * assigned to a person. Instead we use the alias() method like this:
         *
         * $teacher->alias('teacher')->ownProject
         *
         * now we get the projects associated with the person bean aliased as
         * a teacher.
         *
         * @param string $aliasName the alias name to use
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function alias($aliasName) {
            $this->aliasName = $this->beau($aliasName);

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Returns properties of bean as an array.
         * This method returns the raw internal property list of the
         * bean. Only use this method for optimization purposes. Otherwise
         * use the export() method to export bean data to arrays.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getProperties() {
            return $this->properties;
        }

        /**
         * Returns properties of bean as an array.
         * This method returns the raw internal property list of the
         * bean. Only use this method for optimization purposes. Otherwise
         * use the export() method to export bean data to arrays.
         * This method returns an array with the properties array and
         * the type (string).
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getPropertiesAndType() {
            return array($this->properties, $this->__info['type']);
        }

        /**
         * Turns a camelcase property name into an underscored property name.
         *
         * Examples:
         *    oneACLRoute -> one_acl_route
         *    camelCase -> camel_case
         *
         * Also caches the result to improve performance.
         *
         * @param string $property
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function beau($property) {
            static $beautifulColumns = array();

            if (ctype_lower($property))
                return $property;

            if (
                    ( strpos($property, 'own') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 3, 1)) ) || ( strpos($property, 'xown') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 4, 1)) ) || ( strpos($property, 'shared') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 6, 1)) )
            ) {

                $property = preg_replace('/List$/', '', $property);
                return $property;
            }

            if (!isset($beautifulColumns[$property])) {
                $beautifulColumns[$property] = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake($property);
            }

            return $beautifulColumns[$property];
        }

        /**
         * Clears all modifiers.
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function clearModifiers() {
            $this->withSql = '';
            $this->withParams = array();
            $this->aliasName = NULL;
            $this->fetchType = NULL;
            $this->noLoad = FALSE;
            $this->all = FALSE;
            $this->via = NULL;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Determines whether a list is opened in exclusive mode or not.
         * If a list has been opened in exclusive mode this method will return TRUE,
         * othwerwise it will return FALSE.
         *
         * @param string $listName name of the list to check
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function isListInExclusiveMode($listName) {
            $listName = $this->beau($listName);

            if (strpos($listName, 'xown') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($listName, 4, 1))) {
                $listName = substr($listName, 1);
            }

            $listName = lcfirst(substr($listName, 3));

            return ( isset($this->__info['sys.exclusive-' . $listName]) && $this->__info['sys.exclusive-' . $listName] );
        }

        /**
         * Magic Getter. Gets the value for a specific property in the bean.
         * If the property does not exist this getter will make sure no error
         * occurs. This is because RedBean allows you to query (probe) for
         * properties. If the property can not be found this method will
         * return NULL instead.
         *
         * @param string $property name of the property you wish to obtain the value of
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function &__get($property) {
            $isEx = FALSE;
            $isOwn = FALSE;
            $isShared = FALSE;

            if (!ctype_lower($property)) {
                $property = $this->beau($property);
                if (strpos($property, 'xown') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 4, 1))) {
                    $property = substr($property, 1);
                    $listName = lcfirst(substr($property, 3));
                    $isEx = TRUE;
                    $isOwn = TRUE;
                    $this->__info['sys.exclusive-' . $listName] = TRUE;
                } elseif (strpos($property, 'own') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 3, 1))) {
                    $isOwn = TRUE;
                    $listName = lcfirst(substr($property, 3));
                } elseif (strpos($property, 'shared') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 6, 1))) {
                    $isShared = TRUE;
                }
            }

            $fieldLink = $property . '_id';
            $exists = isset($this->properties[$property]);

            //If not exists and no field link and no list, bail out.
            if (!$exists && !isset($this->$fieldLink) && (!$isOwn && !$isShared )) {

                $this->withSql = '';
                $this->withParams = array();
                $this->aliasName = NULL;
                $this->fetchType = NULL;
                $this->noLoad = FALSE;
                $this->all = FALSE;
                $this->via = NULL;

                $NULL = NULL;
                return $NULL;
            }

            $hasAlias = (!is_null($this->aliasName));
            $differentAlias = ($hasAlias && $isOwn && isset($this->__info['sys.alias.' . $listName])) ?
                    ($this->__info['sys.alias.' . $listName] !== $this->aliasName) : FALSE;
            $hasSQL = ($this->withSql !== '' || $this->via !== NULL);
            $hasAll = (boolean) ($this->all);

            //If exists and no list or exits and list not changed, bail out.
            if ($exists && ((!$isOwn && !$isShared ) || (!$hasSQL && !$differentAlias && !$hasAll))) {

                $this->withSql = '';
                $this->withParams = array();
                $this->aliasName = NULL;
                $this->fetchType = NULL;
                $this->noLoad = FALSE;
                $this->all = FALSE;
                $this->via = NULL;
                return $this->properties[$property];
            }


            list( $redbean,,, $toolbox ) = $this->beanHelper->getExtractedToolbox();

            if (isset($this->$fieldLink)) {
                $this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;

                if (isset($this->__info["sys.parentcache.$property"])) {
                    $bean = $this->__info["sys.parentcache.$property"];
                } else {
                    if (isset(self::$aliases[$property])) {
                        $type = self::$aliases[$property];
                    } elseif ($this->fetchType) {
                        $type = $this->fetchType;
                        $this->fetchType = NULL;
                    } else {
                        $type = $property;
                    }
                    $bean = NULL;
                    if (!is_null($this->properties[$fieldLink])) {
                        $bean = $redbean->load($type, $this->properties[$fieldLink]);
                        //If the IDs dont match, we failed to load, so try autoresolv in that case...
                        if ($bean->id !== $this->properties[$fieldLink] && self::$autoResolve) {
                            $type = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getWriter()->inferFetchType($this->__info['type'], $property);
                            if (!is_null($type)) {
                                $bean = $redbean->load($type, $this->properties[$fieldLink]);
                                $this->__info["sys.autoresolved.{$property}"] = $type;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                $this->properties[$property] = $bean;
                $this->withSql = '';
                $this->withParams = array();
                $this->aliasName = NULL;
                $this->fetchType = NULL;
                $this->noLoad = FALSE;
                $this->all = FALSE;
                $this->via = NULL;

                return $this->properties[$property];
            }
            //Implicit: elseif ( $isOwn || $isShared ) {
            if ($this->noLoad) {
                $beans = array();
            } elseif ($isOwn) {
                $beans = $this->getOwnList($listName, $redbean);
            } else {
                $beans = $this->getSharedList(lcfirst(substr($property, 6)), $redbean, $toolbox);
            }

            $this->properties[$property] = $beans;
            $this->__info["sys.shadow.$property"] = $beans;
            $this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;

            $this->withSql = '';
            $this->withParams = array();
            $this->aliasName = NULL;
            $this->fetchType = NULL;
            $this->noLoad = FALSE;
            $this->all = FALSE;
            $this->via = NULL;

            return $this->properties[$property];
        }

        /**
         * Magic Setter. Sets the value for a specific property.
         * This setter acts as a hook for OODB to mark beans as tainted.
         * The tainted meta property can be retrieved using getMeta("tainted").
         * The tainted meta property indicates whether a bean has been modified and
         * can be used in various caching mechanisms.
         *
         * @param string $property name of the property you wish to assign a value to
         * @param  mixed $value    the value you want to assign
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public function __set($property, $value) {
            $isEx = FALSE;
            $isOwn = FALSE;
            $isShared = FALSE;

            if (!ctype_lower($property)) {
                $property = $this->beau($property);
                if (strpos($property, 'xown') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 4, 1))) {
                    $property = substr($property, 1);
                    $listName = lcfirst(substr($property, 3));
                    $isEx = TRUE;
                    $isOwn = TRUE;
                    $this->__info['sys.exclusive-' . $listName] = TRUE;
                } elseif (strpos($property, 'own') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 3, 1))) {
                    $isOwn = TRUE;
                    $listName = lcfirst(substr($property, 3));
                } elseif (strpos($property, 'shared') === 0 && ctype_upper(substr($property, 6, 1))) {
                    $isShared = TRUE;
                }
            }

            $hasAlias = (!is_null($this->aliasName));
            $differentAlias = ($hasAlias && $isOwn && isset($this->__info['sys.alias.' . $listName])) ?
                    ($this->__info['sys.alias.' . $listName] !== $this->aliasName) : FALSE;
            $hasSQL = ($this->withSql !== '' || $this->via !== NULL);
            $exists = isset($this->properties[$property]);
            $fieldLink = $property . '_id';

            if (($isOwn || $isShared) && (!$exists || $hasSQL || $differentAlias)) {

                if (!$this->noLoad) {
                    list( $redbean,,, $toolbox ) = $this->beanHelper->getExtractedToolbox();
                    if ($isOwn) {
                        $beans = $this->getOwnList($listName, $redbean);
                    } else {
                        $beans = $this->getSharedList(lcfirst(substr($property, 6)), $redbean, $toolbox);
                    }
                    $this->__info["sys.shadow.$property"] = $beans;
                }
            }

            $this->withSql = '';
            $this->withParams = array();
            $this->aliasName = NULL;
            $this->fetchType = NULL;
            $this->noLoad = FALSE;
            $this->all = FALSE;
            $this->via = NULL;

            $this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
            $this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;

            if (array_key_exists($fieldLink, $this->properties) && !( $value instanceof OODBBean )) {
                if (is_null($value) || $value === FALSE) {

                    unset($this->properties[$property]);
                    $this->properties[$fieldLink] = NULL;

                    return;
                } else {
                    throw new RedException('Cannot cast to bean.');
                }
            }

            if ($value === FALSE) {
                $value = '0';
            } elseif ($value === TRUE) {
                $value = '1';
            } elseif ($value instanceof \DateTime) {
                $value = $value->format('Y-m-d H:i:s');
            }

            $this->properties[$property] = $value;
        }

        /**
         * Sets a property directly, for internal use only.
         *
         * @param string  $property     property
         * @param mixed   $value        value
         * @param boolean $updateShadow whether you want to update the shadow
         * @param boolean $taint        whether you want to mark the bean as tainted
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setProperty($property, $value, $updateShadow = FALSE, $taint = FALSE) {
            $this->properties[$property] = $value;

            if ($updateShadow) {
                $this->__info['sys.shadow.' . $property] = $value;
            }

            if ($taint) {
                $this->__info['tainted'] = TRUE;
                $this->__info['changed'] = TRUE;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the value of a meta property. A meta property
         * contains additional information about the bean object that will not
         * be stored in the database. Meta information is used to instruct
         * RedBeanPHP as well as other systems how to deal with the bean.
         * If the property cannot be found this getter will return NULL instead.
         *
         * Example:
         *
         * $bean->setMeta( 'flush-cache', TRUE );
         *
         * RedBeanPHP also stores meta data in beans, this meta data uses
         * keys prefixed with 'sys.' (system).
         *
         * @param string $path    path
         * @param mixed  $default default value
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function getMeta($path, $default = NULL) {
            return ( isset($this->__info[$path]) ) ? $this->__info[$path] : $default;
        }

        /**
         * Gets and unsets a meta property.
         * Moves a meta property out of the bean.
         * This is a short-cut method that can be used instead
         * of combining a get/unset.
         *
         * @param string $path    path
         * @param mixed  $default default value
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function moveMeta($path, $value = NULL) {
            if (isset($this->__info[$path])) {
                $value = $this->__info[$path];
                unset($this->__info[$path]);
            }
            return $value;
        }

        /**
         * Stores a value in the specified Meta information property.
         * The first argument should be the key to store the value under,
         * the second argument should be the value. It is common to use
         * a path-like notation for meta data in RedBeanPHP like:
         * 'my.meta.data', however the dots are purely for readability, the
         * meta data methods do not store nested structures or hierarchies.
         *
         * @param string $path  path / key to store value under
         * @param mixed  $value value to store in bean (not in database) as meta data
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function setMeta($path, $value) {
            $this->__info[$path] = $value;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Copies the meta information of the specified bean
         * This is a convenience method to enable you to
         * exchange meta information easily.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function copyMetaFrom(OODBBean $bean) {
            $this->__info = $bean->__info;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Sends the call to the registered model.
         *
         * @param string $method name of the method
         * @param array  $args   argument list
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function __call($method, $args) {
            if (!isset($this->__info['model'])) {
                $model = $this->beanHelper->getModelForBean($this);

                if (!$model) {
                    return NULL;
                }

                $this->__info['model'] = $model;
            }
            if (!method_exists($this->__info['model'], $method)) {

                if (self::$errorHandlingFUSE === FALSE) {
                    return NULL;
                }

                if (in_array($method, array('update', 'open', 'delete', 'after_delete', 'after_update', 'dispense'), TRUE)) {
                    return NULL;
                }

                $message = "FUSE: method does not exist in model: $method";
                if (self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_LOG) {
                    error_log($message);
                    return NULL;
                } elseif (self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_NOTICE) {
                    trigger_error($message, E_USER_NOTICE);
                    return NULL;
                } elseif (self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_WARN) {
                    trigger_error($message, E_USER_WARNING);
                    return NULL;
                } elseif (self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_EXCEPTION) {
                    throw new \Exception($message);
                } elseif (self::$errorHandlingFUSE === self::C_ERR_FUNC) {
                    $func = self::$errorHandler;
                    return $func(array(
                        'message' => $message,
                        'method' => $method,
                        'args' => $args,
                        'bean' => $this
                    ));
                }
                trigger_error($message, E_USER_ERROR);
                return NULL;
            }

            return call_user_func_array(array($this->__info['model'], $method), $args);
        }

        /**
         * Implementation of __toString Method
         * Routes call to Model. If the model implements a __toString() method this
         * method will be called and the result will be returned. In case of an
         * echo-statement this result will be printed. If the model does not
         * implement a __toString method, this method will return a JSON
         * representation of the current bean.
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function __toString() {
            $string = $this->__call('__toString', array());

            if ($string === NULL) {
                return json_encode($this->properties);
            } else {
                return $string;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
         * like an array.
         * Call gets routed to __set.
         *
         * @param  mixed $offset offset string
         * @param  mixed $value  value
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function offsetSet($offset, $value) {
            $this->__set($offset, $value);
        }

        /**
         * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
         * like an array.
         *
         * Array functions do not reveal x-own-lists and list-alias because
         * you dont want duplicate entries in foreach-loops.
         * Also offers a slight performance improvement for array access.
         *
         * @param  mixed $offset property
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function offsetExists($offset) {
            return $this->__isset($offset);
        }

        /**
         * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
         * like an array.
         * Unsets a value from the array/bean.
         *
         * Array functions do not reveal x-own-lists and list-alias because
         * you dont want duplicate entries in foreach-loops.
         * Also offers a slight performance improvement for array access.
         *
         * @param  mixed $offset property
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function offsetUnset($offset) {
            $this->__unset($offset);
        }

        /**
         * Implementation of Array Access Interface, you can access bean objects
         * like an array.
         * Returns value of a property.
         *
         * Array functions do not reveal x-own-lists and list-alias because
         * you dont want duplicate entries in foreach-loops.
         * Also offers a slight performance improvement for array access.
         *
         * @param  mixed $offset property
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function &offsetGet($offset) {
            return $this->__get($offset);
        }

        /**
         * Chainable method to cast a certain ID to a bean; for instance:
         * $person = $club->fetchAs('person')->member;
         * This will load a bean of type person using member_id as ID.
         *
         * @param  string $type preferred fetch type
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function fetchAs($type) {
            $this->fetchType = $type;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * For polymorphic bean relations.
         * Same as fetchAs but uses a column instead of a direct value.
         *
         * @param string $column
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function poly($field) {
            return $this->fetchAs($this->$field);
        }

        /**
         * Traverses a bean property with the specified function.
         * Recursively iterates through the property invoking the
         * function for each bean along the way passing the bean to it.
         *
         * Can be used together with with, withCondition, alias and fetchAs.
         *
         * @param string  $property property
         * @param closure $function function
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function traverse($property, $function, $maxDepth = NULL) {
            $this->via = NULL;
            if (strpos($property, 'shared') !== FALSE) {
                throw new RedException('Traverse only works with (x)own-lists.');
            }

            if (!is_null($maxDepth)) {
                if (!$maxDepth--)
                    return $this;
            }

            $oldFetchType = $this->fetchType;
            $oldAliasName = $this->aliasName;
            $oldWith = $this->withSql;
            $oldBindings = $this->withParams;

            $beans = $this->$property;

            if ($beans === NULL)
                return $this;

            if (!is_array($beans))
                $beans = array($beans);

            foreach ($beans as $bean) {

                $function($bean);

                $bean->fetchType = $oldFetchType;
                $bean->aliasName = $oldAliasName;
                $bean->withSql = $oldWith;
                $bean->withParams = $oldBindings;

                $bean->traverse($property, $function, $maxDepth);
            }

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Implementation of\Countable interface. Makes it possible to use
         * count() function on a bean.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function count() {
            return count($this->properties);
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether a bean is empty or not.
         * A bean is empty if it has no other properties than the id field OR
         * if all the other property are empty().
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function isEmpty() {
            $empty = TRUE;
            foreach ($this->properties as $key => $value) {
                if ($key == 'id') {
                    continue;
                }
                if (!empty($value)) {
                    $empty = FALSE;
                }
            }

            return $empty;
        }

        /**
         * Chainable setter.
         *
         * @param string $property the property of the bean
         * @param mixed  $value    the value you want to set
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function setAttr($property, $value) {
            $this->$property = $value;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Comfort method.
         * Unsets all properties in array.
         *
         * @param array $properties properties you want to unset.
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function unsetAll($properties) {
            foreach ($properties as $prop) {
                if (isset($this->properties[$prop])) {
                    unset($this->properties[$prop]);
                }
            }

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Returns original (old) value of a property.
         * You can use this method to see what has changed in a
         * bean.
         *
         * @param string $property name of the property you want the old value of
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function old($property) {
            $old = $this->getMeta('sys.orig', array());

            if (array_key_exists($property, $old)) {
                return $old[$property];
            }

            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * Convenience method.
         * Returns TRUE if the bean has been changed, or FALSE otherwise.
         * Same as $bean->getMeta('tainted');
         * Note that a bean becomes tainted as soon as you retrieve a list from
         * the bean. This is because the bean lists are arrays and the bean cannot
         * determine whether you have made modifications to a list so RedBeanPHP
         * will mark the whole bean as tainted.
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function isTainted() {
            return $this->getMeta('tainted');
        }

        /**
         * Returns TRUE if the value of a certain property of the bean has been changed and
         * FALSE otherwise.
         *
         * Note that this method will return TRUE if applied to a loaded list.
         * Also note that this method keeps track of the bean's history regardless whether
         * it has been stored or not. Storing a bean does not undo it's history,
         * to clean the history of a bean use: clearHistory().
         *
         * @param string  $property  name of the property you want the change-status of
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function hasChanged($property) {
            return ( array_key_exists($property, $this->properties) ) ?
                    $this->old($property) != $this->properties[$property] : FALSE;
        }

        /**
         * Returns TRUE if the specified list exists, has been loaded and has been changed:
         * beans have been added or deleted. This method will not tell you anything about
         * the state of the beans in the list.
         *
         * @param string $property name of the list to check
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function hasListChanged($property) {
            if (!array_key_exists($property, $this->properties))
                return FALSE;
            $diffAdded = array_diff_assoc($this->properties[$property], $this->__info['sys.shadow.' . $property]);
            if (count($diffAdded))
                return TRUE;
            $diffMissing = array_diff_assoc($this->__info['sys.shadow.' . $property], $this->properties[$property]);
            if (count($diffMissing))
                return TRUE;
            return FALSE;
        }

        /**
         * Clears (syncs) the history of the bean.
         * Resets all shadow values of the bean to their current value.
         *
         * @return self
         */
        public function clearHistory() {
            $this->__info['sys.orig'] = array();
            foreach ($this->properties as $key => $value) {
                if (is_scalar($value)) {
                    $this->__info['sys.orig'][$key] = $value;
                } else {
                    $this->__info['sys.shadow.' . $key] = $value;
                }
            }
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a N-M relation by linking an intermediate bean.
         * This method can be used to quickly connect beans using indirect
         * relations. For instance, given an album and a song you can connect the two
         * using a track with a number like this:
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * $album->link('track', array('number'=>1))->song = $song;
         *
         * or:
         *
         * $album->link($trackBean)->song = $song;
         *
         * What this method does is adding the link bean to the own-list, in this case
         * ownTrack. If the first argument is a string and the second is an array or
         * a JSON string then the linking bean gets dispensed on-the-fly as seen in
         * example #1. After preparing the linking bean, the bean is returned thus
         * allowing the chained setter: ->song = $song.
         *
         * @param string|OODBBean $type          type of bean to dispense or the full bean
         * @param string|array            $qualification JSON string or array (optional)
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function link($typeOrBean, $qualification = array()) {
            if (is_string($typeOrBean)) {

                $typeOrBean = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake($typeOrBean);

                $bean = $this->beanHelper->getToolBox()->getRedBean()->dispense($typeOrBean);

                if (is_string($qualification)) {
                    $data = json_decode($qualification, TRUE);
                } else {
                    $data = $qualification;
                }

                foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
                    $bean->$key = $value;
                }
            } else {
                $bean = $typeOrBean;
            }

            $list = 'own' . ucfirst($bean->getMeta('type'));

            array_push($this->$list, $bean);

            return $bean;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the same bean freshly loaded from the database.
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function fresh() {
            return $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getRedBean()->load($this->getMeta('type'), $this->properties['id']);
        }

        /**
         * Registers a association renaming globally.
         *
         * @param string $via type you wish to use for shared lists
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function via($via) {
            $this->via = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake($via);

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Counts all own beans of type $type.
         * Also works with alias(), with() and withCondition().
         *
         * @param string $type the type of bean you want to count
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function countOwn($type) {
            $type = $this->beau($type);

            if ($this->aliasName) {
                $myFieldLink = $this->aliasName . '_id';

                $this->aliasName = NULL;
            } else {
                $myFieldLink = $this->__info['type'] . '_id';
            }

            $count = 0;

            if ($this->getID()) {

                $firstKey = NULL;
                if (count($this->withParams) > 0) {
                    reset($this->withParams);
                    $firstKey = key($this->withParams);
                }

                $joinSql = $this->parseJoin($type);

                if (!is_numeric($firstKey) || $firstKey === NULL) {
                    $bindings = $this->withParams;
                    $bindings[':slot0'] = $this->getID();
                    $count = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getWriter()->queryRecordCount($type, array(), " {$joinSql} $myFieldLink = :slot0 " . $this->withSql, $bindings);
                } else {
                    $bindings = array_merge(array($this->getID()), $this->withParams);
                    $count = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox()->getWriter()->queryRecordCount($type, array(), " {$joinSql} $myFieldLink = ? " . $this->withSql, $bindings);
                }
            }

            $this->clearModifiers();
            return (int) $count;
        }

        /**
         * Counts all shared beans of type $type.
         * Also works with via(), with() and withCondition().
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean you wish to count
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function countShared($type) {
            $toolbox = $this->beanHelper->getToolbox();
            $redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
            $writer = $toolbox->getWriter();

            if ($this->via) {
                $oldName = $writer->getAssocTable(array($this->__info['type'], $type));

                if ($oldName !== $this->via) {
                    //set the new renaming rule
                    $writer->renameAssocTable($oldName, $this->via);
                    $this->via = NULL;
                }
            }

            $type = $this->beau($type);
            $count = 0;

            if ($this->getID()) {
                $count = $redbean->getAssociationManager()->relatedCount($this, $type, $this->withSql, $this->withParams, TRUE);
            }

            $this->clearModifiers();
            return (integer) $count;
        }

        /**
         * Iterates through the specified own-list and
         * fetches all properties (with their type) and
         * returns the references.
         * Use this method to quickly load indirectly related
         * beans in an own-list. Whenever you cannot use a
         * shared-list this method offers the same convenience
         * by aggregating the parent beans of all children in
         * the specified own-list.
         *
         * Example:
         *
         * $quest->aggr( 'xownQuestTarget', 'target', 'quest' );
         *
         * Loads (in batch) and returns references to all
         * quest beans residing in the $questTarget->target properties
         * of each element in the xownQuestTargetList.
         *
         * @param string $list     the list you wish to process
         * @param string $property the property to load
         * @param string $type     the type of bean residing in this property (optional)
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function &aggr($list, $property, $type = NULL) {
            $this->via = NULL;
            $ids = $beanIndex = $references = array();

            if (strlen($list) < 4)
                throw new RedException('Invalid own-list.');
            if (strpos($list, 'own') !== 0)
                throw new RedException('Only own-lists can be aggregated.');
            if (!ctype_upper(substr($list, 3, 1)))
                throw new RedException('Invalid own-list.');

            if (is_null($type))
                $type = $property;

            foreach ($this->$list as $bean) {
                $field = $property . '_id';
                if (isset($bean->$field)) {
                    $ids[] = $bean->$field;
                    $beanIndex[$bean->$field] = $bean;
                }
            }

            $beans = $this->beanHelper->getToolBox()->getRedBean()->batch($type, $ids);

            //now preload the beans as well
            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                $beanIndex[$bean->id]->setProperty($property, $bean);
            }

            foreach ($beanIndex as $indexedBean) {
                $references[] = $indexedBean->$property;
            }

            return $references;
        }

        /**
         * Tests whether the database identities of two beans are equal.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean other bean
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function equals(OODBBean $bean) {
            return (bool) (
                    ( (string) $this->properties['id'] === (string) $bean->properties['id'] ) && ( (string) $this->__info['type'] === (string) $bean->__info['type'] )
                    );
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\Observer as Observer;

    /**
     * Observable
     * Base class for Observables
     *
     * @file            RedBeanPHP/Observable.php
     * @author          Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license         BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    abstract class Observable { //bracket must be here - otherwise coverage software does not understand.

        /**
         * @var array
         */

        private $observers = array();

        /**
         * Implementation of the Observer Pattern.
         * Adds an event listener to the observable object.
         * First argument should be the name of the event you wish to listen for.
         * Second argument should be the object that wants to be notified in case
         * the event occurs.
         *
         * @param string           $eventname event identifier
         * @param Observer $observer  observer instance
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function addEventListener($eventname, Observer $observer) {
            if (!isset($this->observers[$eventname])) {
                $this->observers[$eventname] = array();
            }

            foreach ($this->observers[$eventname] as $o) {
                if ($o == $observer) {
                    return;
                }
            }

            $this->observers[$eventname][] = $observer;
        }

        /**
         * Notifies listeners.
         * Sends the signal $eventname, the event identifier and a message object
         * to all observers that have been registered to receive notification for
         * this event. Part of the observer pattern implementation in RedBeanPHP.
         *
         * @param string $eventname event you want signal
         * @param mixed  $info      message object to send along
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function signal($eventname, $info) {
            if (!isset($this->observers[$eventname])) {
                $this->observers[$eventname] = array();
            }

            foreach ($this->observers[$eventname] as $observer) {
                $observer->onEvent($eventname, $info);
            }
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * Observer.
     *
     * Interface for Observer object. Implementation of the
     * observer pattern.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Observer.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     * @desc    Part of the observer pattern in RedBean
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface Observer {

        /**
         * An observer object needs to be capable of receiving
         * notifications. Therefore the observer needs to implement the
         * onEvent method with two parameters: the event identifier specifying the
         * current event and a message object (in RedBeanPHP this can also be a bean).
         *
         * @param string $eventname event identifier
         * @param mixed  $bean      a message sent along with the notification
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function onEvent($eventname, $bean);
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * Adapter Interface.
     * Describes the API for a RedBeanPHP Database Adapter.
     * This interface defines the API contract for
     * a RedBeanPHP Database Adapter.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Adapter.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface Adapter {

        /**
         * Returns the latest SQL statement
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getSQL();

        /**
         * Executes an SQL Statement using an array of values to bind
         * If $noevent is TRUE then this function will not signal its
         * observers to notify about the SQL execution; this to prevent
         * infinite recursion when using observers.
         *
         * @param string  $sql      SQL
         * @param array   $bindings values
         * @param boolean $noevent  no event firing
         */
        public function exec($sql, $bindings = array(), $noevent = FALSE);

        /**
         * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
         * This method returns a multi dimensional resultset similar to getAll
         * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
         * SQL query.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings values
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function get($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
         * This method returns a single row (one array) resultset.
         * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
         * SQL query.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings values to bind
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getRow($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
         * This method returns a single column (one array) resultset.
         * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
         * SQL query.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings values to bind
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getCol($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Executes an SQL Query and returns a resultset.
         * This method returns a single cell, a scalar value as the resultset.
         * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
         * SQL query.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings values to bind
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getCell($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Executes the SQL query specified in $sql and takes
         * the first two columns of the resultset. This function transforms the
         * resultset into an associative array. Values from the the first column will
         * serve as keys while the values of the second column will be used as values.
         * The values array can be used to bind values to the place holders in the
         * SQL query.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings values to bind
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getAssoc($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Executes the SQL query specified in $sql and indexes
         * the row by the first column.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings values to bind
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getAssocRow($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns the latest insert ID.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function getInsertID();

        /**
         * Returns the number of rows that have been
         * affected by the last update statement.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function getAffectedRows();

        /**
         * Returns a database agnostic Cursor object.
         *
         * @param string $sql      SQL
         * @param array  $bindings bindings
         *
         * @return Cursor
         */
        public function getCursor($sql, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns the original database resource. This is useful if you want to
         * perform operations on the driver directly instead of working with the
         * adapter. RedBean will only access the adapter and never to talk
         * directly to the driver though.
         *
         * @return object
         */
        public function getDatabase();

        /**
         * This method is part of the RedBean Transaction Management
         * mechanisms.
         * Starts a transaction.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function startTransaction();

        /**
         * This method is part of the RedBean Transaction Management
         * mechanisms.
         * Commits the transaction.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function commit();

        /**
         * This method is part of the RedBean Transaction Management
         * mechanisms.
         * Rolls back the transaction.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function rollback();

        /**
         * Closes database connection.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function close();
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Adapter {

    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Driver as Driver;

    /**
     * DBAdapter (Database Adapter)
     *
     * An adapter class to connect various database systems to RedBean
     * Database Adapter Class. The task of the database adapter class is to
     * communicate with the database driver. You can use all sorts of database
     * drivers with RedBeanPHP. The default database drivers that ships with
     * the RedBeanPHP library is the RPDO driver ( which uses the PHP Data Objects
     * Architecture aka PDO ).
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Adapter/DBAdapter.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class DBAdapter extends Observable implements Adapter {

        /**
         * @var Driver
         */
        private $db = NULL;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        private $sql = '';

        /**
         * Constructor.
         *
         * Creates an instance of the RedBean Adapter Class.
         * This class provides an interface for RedBean to work
         * with ADO compatible DB instances.
         *
         * @param Driver $database ADO Compatible DB Instance
         */
        public function __construct($database) {
            $this->db = $database;
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getSQL
         */
        public function getSQL() {
            return $this->sql;
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::exec
         */
        public function exec($sql, $bindings = array(), $noevent = FALSE) {
            if (!$noevent) {
                $this->sql = $sql;
                $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);
            }

            return $this->db->Execute($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::get
         */
        public function get($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->sql = $sql;
            $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);

            return $this->db->GetAll($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getRow
         */
        public function getRow($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->sql = $sql;
            $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);

            return $this->db->GetRow($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getCol
         */
        public function getCol($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->sql = $sql;
            $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);

            return $this->db->GetCol($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getAssoc
         */
        public function getAssoc($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->sql = $sql;

            $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);

            $rows = $this->db->GetAll($sql, $bindings);

            $assoc = array();
            if (!$rows) {
                return $assoc;
            }

            foreach ($rows as $row) {
                if (empty($row))
                    continue;

                if (count($row) > 2) {
                    $key = array_shift($row);
                    $value = $row;
                } elseif (count($row) > 1) {
                    $key = array_shift($row);
                    $value = array_shift($row);
                } else {
                    $key = array_shift($row);
                    $value = $key;
                }

                $assoc[$key] = $value;
            }

            return $assoc;
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getAssocRow
         */
        public function getAssocRow($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            $this->sql = $sql;
            $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);

            return $this->db->GetAssocRow($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getCell
         */
        public function getCell($sql, $bindings = array(), $noSignal = NULL) {
            $this->sql = $sql;

            if (!$noSignal)
                $this->signal('sql_exec', $this);

            return $this->db->GetOne($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getCursor
         */
        public function getCursor($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return $this->db->GetCursor($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getInsertID
         */
        public function getInsertID() {
            return $this->db->getInsertID();
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getAffectedRows
         */
        public function getAffectedRows() {
            return $this->db->Affected_Rows();
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::getDatabase
         */
        public function getDatabase() {
            return $this->db;
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::startTransaction
         */
        public function startTransaction() {
            $this->db->StartTrans();
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::commit
         */
        public function commit() {
            $this->db->CommitTrans();
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::rollback
         */
        public function rollback() {
            $this->db->FailTrans();
        }

        /**
         * @see Adapter::close.
         */
        public function close() {
            $this->db->close();
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * Database Cursor Interface.
     * Represents a simple database cursor.
     * Cursors make it possible to create lightweight BeanCollections.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Cursor.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface Cursor {

        /**
         * Retrieves the next row from the result set.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getNextItem();

        /**
         * Closes the database cursor.
         * Some databases require a cursor to be closed before executing
         * another statement/opening a new cursor.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function close();
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Cursor {

    use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;

    /**
     * PDO Database Cursor
     * Implementation of PDO Database Cursor.
     * Used by the BeanCollection to fetch one bean at a time.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Cursor/PDOCursor.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class PDOCursor implements Cursor {

        /**
         * @var PDOStatement
         */
        protected $res;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $fetchStyle;

        /**
         * Constructor, creates a new instance of a PDO Database Cursor.
         *
         * @param PDOStatement  $res        the PDO statement
         * @param string        $fetchStyle fetch style constant to use
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function __construct(\PDOStatement $res, $fetchStyle) {
            $this->res = $res;
            $this->fetchStyle = $fetchStyle;
        }

        /**
         * @see Cursor::getNextItem
         */
        public function getNextItem() {
            return $this->res->fetch();
        }

        /**
         * @see Cursor::close
         */
        public function close() {
            $this->res->closeCursor();
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Cursor {

    use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;

    /**
     * NULL Database Cursor
     * Implementation of the NULL Cursor.
     * Used for an empty BeanCollection.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Cursor/NULLCursor.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class NullCursor implements Cursor {

        /**
         * @see Cursor::getNextItem
         */
        public function getNextItem() {
            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * @see Cursor::close
         */
        public function close() {
            return NULL;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;
    use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;

    /**
     * BeanCollection.
     *
     * The BeanCollection represents a collection of beans and
     * makes it possible to use database cursors. The BeanCollection
     * has a method next() to obtain the first, next and last bean
     * in the collection. The BeanCollection does not implement the array
     * interface nor does it try to act like an array because it cannot go
     * backward or rewind itself.
     *
     * Use the BeanCollection for large datasets where skip/limit is not an
     * option. Keep in mind that ID-marking (querying a start ID) is a decent
     * alternative though.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/BeanCollection.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class BeanCollection {

        /**
         * @var Cursor
         */
        protected $cursor = NULL;

        /**
         * @var Repository
         */
        protected $repository = NULL;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $type = NULL;

        /**
         * Constructor, creates a new instance of the BeanCollection.
         *
         * @param string     $type       type of beans in this collection
         * @param Repository $repository repository to use to generate bean objects
         * @param Cursor     $cursor     cursor object to use
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function __construct($type, Repository $repository, Cursor $cursor) {
            $this->type = $type;
            $this->cursor = $cursor;
            $this->repository = $repository;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the next bean in the collection.
         * If called the first time, this will return the first bean in the collection.
         * If there are no more beans left in the collection, this method
         * will return NULL.
         *
         * @return OODBBean|NULL
         */
        public function next() {
            $row = $this->cursor->getNextItem();
            if ($row) {
                $beans = $this->repository->convertToBeans($this->type, array($row));
                $bean = array_shift($beans);
                return $bean;
            }
            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * Closes the underlying cursor (needed for some databases).
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function close() {
            $this->cursor->close();
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * QueryWriter
     * Interface for QueryWriters.
     * Describes the API for a QueryWriter.
     *
     * Terminology:
     *
     * - beautified property (a camelCased property, has to be converted first)
     * - beautified type (a camelCased type, has to be converted first)
     * - type (a bean type, corresponds directly to a table)
     * - property (a bean property, corresponds directly to a column)
     * - table (a checked and quoted type, ready for use in a query)
     * - column (a checked and quoted property, ready for use in query)
     * - tableNoQ (same as type, but in context of a database operation)
     * - columnNoQ (same as property, but in context of a database operation)
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface QueryWriter {

        /**
         * SQL filter constants
         */
        const C_SQLFILTER_READ = 'r';
        const C_SQLFILTER_WRITE = 'w';

        /**
         * Query Writer constants.
         */
        const C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE = 1;
        const C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN = 2;
        const C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION = 3;

        /**
         * Define data type regions
         *
         * 00 - 80: normal data types
         * 80 - 99: special data types, only scan/code if requested
         * 99     : specified by user, don't change
         */
        const C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL = 80;
        const C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIFIED = 99;

        /**
         * Define GLUE types for use with glueSQLCondition methods.
         * Determines how to prefix a snippet of SQL before appending it
         * to other SQL (or integrating it, mixing it otherwise).
         *
         * WHERE - glue as WHERE condition
         * AND   - glue as AND condition
         */
        const C_GLUE_WHERE = 1;
        const C_GLUE_AND = 2;

        /**
         * Writes an SQL Snippet for a JOIN, returns the
         * SQL snippet string.
         *
         * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
         * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
         *
         * @param string $type       source type
         * @param string $targetType target type (type to join)
         * @param string $leftRight  type of join (possible: 'LEFT', 'RIGHT' or 'INNER').
         *
         * @return string $joinSQLSnippet
         */
        public function writeJoin($type, $targetType, $joinType);

        /**
         * Glues an SQL snippet to the beginning of a WHERE clause.
         * This ensures users don't have to add WHERE to their query snippets.
         *
         * The snippet gets prefixed with WHERE or AND
         * if it starts with a condition.
         *
         * If the snippet does NOT start with a condition (or this function thinks so)
         * the snippet is returned as-is.
         *
         * The GLUE type determines the prefix:
         *
         * - NONE  prefixes with WHERE
         * - WHERE prefixes with WHERE and replaces AND if snippets starts with AND
         * - AND   prefixes with AND
         *
         * This method will never replace WHERE with AND since a snippet should never
         * begin with WHERE in the first place. OR is not supported.
         *
         * Only a limited set of clauses will be recognized as non-conditions.
         * For instance beginning a snippet with complex statements like JOIN or UNION
         * will not work. This is too complex for use in a snippet.
         *
         * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
         * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
         *
         * @param string  $sql   SQL Snippet
         * @param integer $glue  the GLUE type - how to glue (C_GLUE_WHERE or C_GLUE_AND)
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function glueSQLCondition($sql, $glue = NULL);

        /**
         * Determines if there is a LIMIT 1 clause in the SQL.
         * If not, it will add a LIMIT 1. (used for findOne).
         *
         * @note A default implementation is available in AQueryWriter
         * unless a database uses very different SQL this should suffice.
         *
         * @param string $sql query to scan and adjust
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function glueLimitOne($sql);

        /**
         * Returns the tables that are in the database.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getTables();

        /**
         * This method will create a table for the bean.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean you want to create a table for
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function createTable($type);

        /**
         * Returns an array containing all the columns of the specified type.
         * The format of the return array looks like this:
         * $field => $type where $field is the name of the column and $type
         * is a database specific description of the datatype.
         *
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean you want to obtain a column list of
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getColumns($type);

        /**
         * Returns the Column Type Code (integer) that corresponds
         * to the given value type. This method is used to determine the minimum
         * column type required to represent the given value.
         *
         * @param string $value value
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function scanType($value, $alsoScanSpecialForTypes = FALSE);

        /**
         * This method will add a column to a table.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string  $type   name of the table
         * @param string  $column name of the column
         * @param integer $field  data type for field
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function addColumn($type, $column, $field);

        /**
         * Returns the Type Code for a Column Description.
         * Given an SQL column description this method will return the corresponding
         * code for the writer. If the include specials flag is set it will also
         * return codes for special columns. Otherwise special columns will be identified
         * as specified columns.
         *
         * @param string  $typedescription description
         * @param boolean $includeSpecials whether you want to get codes for special columns as well
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function code($typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE);

        /**
         * This method will widen the column to the specified data type.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string  $type       type / table that needs to be adjusted
         * @param string  $column     column that needs to be altered
         * @param integer $datatype   target data type
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function widenColumn($type, $column, $datatype);

        /**
         * Selects records from the database.
         * This methods selects the records from the database that match the specified
         * type, conditions (optional) and additional SQL snippet (optional).
         *
         * @param string $type       name of the table you want to query
         * @param array  $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
         * @param string $addSQL     additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function queryRecord($type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Selects records from the database and returns a cursor.
         * This methods selects the records from the database that match the specified
         * type, conditions (optional) and additional SQL snippet (optional).
         *
         * @param string $type       name of the table you want to query
         * @param array  $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
         * @param string $addSQL     additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
         *
         * @return Cursor
         */
        public function queryRecordWithCursor($type, $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns records through an intermediate type. This method is used to obtain records using a link table and
         * allows the SQL snippets to reference columns in the link table for additional filtering or ordering.
         *
         * @param string $sourceType source type, the reference type you want to use to fetch related items on the other side
         * @param string $destType   destination type, the target type you want to get beans of
         * @param mixed  $linkID     ID to use for the link table
         * @param string $addSql     Additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings   Bindings for SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function queryRecordRelated($sourceType, $destType, $linkID, $addSql = '', $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns the row that links $sourceType $sourcID to $destType $destID in an N-M relation.
         *
         * @param string $sourceType source type, the first part of the link you're looking for
         * @param string $destType   destination type, the second part of the link you're looking for
         * @param string $sourceID   ID for the source
         * @param string $destID     ID for the destination
         *
         * @return array|null
         */
        public function queryRecordLink($sourceType, $destType, $sourceID, $destID);

        /**
         * Counts the number of records in the database that match the
         * conditions and additional SQL.
         *
         * @param string $type       name of the table you want to query
         * @param array  $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
         * @param string $addSQL     additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function queryRecordCount($type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns the number of records linked through $linkType and satisfying the SQL in $addSQL/$bindings.
         *
         * @param string $sourceType source type
         * @param string $targetType the thing you want to count
         * @param mixed  $linkID     the of the source type
         * @param string $addSQL     additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings   bindings for SQL snippet
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function queryRecordCountRelated($sourceType, $targetType, $linkID, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Returns all rows of specified type that have been tagged with one of the
         * strings in the specified tag list array.
         *
         * Note that the additional SQL snippet can only be used for pagination,
         * the SQL snippet will be appended to the end of the query.
         *
         * @param string  $type     the bean type you want to query
         * @param array   $tagList  an array of strings, each string containing a tag title
         * @param boolean $all      if TRUE only return records that have been associated with ALL the tags in the list
         * @param string  $addSql   addition SQL snippet, for pagination
         * @param array   $bindings parameter bindings for additional SQL snippet
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function queryTagged($type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array());

        /**
         * This method should update (or insert a record), it takes
         * a table name, a list of update values ( $field => $value ) and an
         * primary key ID (optional). If no primary key ID is provided, an
         * INSERT will take place.
         * Returns the new ID.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string  $type            name of the table to update
         * @param array   $updatevalues    list of update values
         * @param integer $id              optional primary key ID value
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function updateRecord($type, $updatevalues, $id = NULL);

        /**
         * Deletes records from the database.
         * @note $addSql is always prefixed with ' WHERE ' or ' AND .'
         *
         * @param string $type       name of the table you want to query
         * @param array  $conditions criteria ( $column => array( $values ) )
         * @param string $sql        additional SQL
         * @param array  $bindings   bindings
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function deleteRecord($type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = '', $bindings = array());

        /**
         * Deletes all links between $sourceType and $destType in an N-M relation.
         *
         * @param string $sourceType source type
         * @param string $destType   destination type
         * @param string $sourceID   source ID
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function deleteRelations($sourceType, $destType, $sourceID);

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueConstaint
         */
        public function addUniqueIndex($type, $columns);

        /**
         * This method will add a UNIQUE constraint index to a table on columns $columns.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string $type               type
         * @param array  $columnsPartOfIndex columns to include in index
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function addUniqueConstraint($type, $columns);

        /**
         * This method will check whether the SQL state is in the list of specified states
         * and returns TRUE if it does appear in this list or FALSE if it
         * does not. The purpose of this method is to translate the database specific state to
         * a one of the constants defined in this class and then check whether it is in the list
         * of standard states provided.
         *
         * @param string $state sql state
         * @param array  $list  list
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function sqlStateIn($state, $list);

        /**
         * This method will remove all beans of a certain type.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param  string $type bean type
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function wipe($type);

        /**
         * This method will add a foreign key from type and field to
         * target type and target field.
         * The foreign key is created without an action. On delete/update
         * no action will be triggered. The FK is only used to allow database
         * tools to generate pretty diagrams and to make it easy to add actions
         * later on.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         *
         * @param  string $type           type that will have a foreign key field
         * @param  string $targetType     points to this type
         * @param  string $property       field that contains the foreign key value
         * @param  string $targetProperty field where the fk points to
         * @param  string $isDep          whether target is dependent and should cascade on update/delete
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function addFK($type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = false);

        /**
         * This method will add an index to a type and field with name
         * $name.
         * This methods accepts a type and infers the corresponding table name.
         *
         * @param string $type     type to add index to
         * @param string $name     name of the new index
         * @param string $property field to index
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function addIndex($type, $name, $property);

        /**
         * Checks and filters a database structure element like a table of column
         * for safe use in a query. A database structure has to conform to the
         * RedBeanPHP DB security policy which basically means only alphanumeric
         * symbols are allowed. This security policy is more strict than conventional
         * SQL policies and does therefore not require database specific escaping rules.
         *
         * @param string  $databaseStructure name of the column/table to check
         * @param boolean $noQuotes          TRUE to NOT put backticks or quotes around the string
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function esc($databaseStructure, $dontQuote = FALSE);

        /**
         * Removes all tables and views from the database.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function wipeAll();

        /**
         * Renames an association. For instance if you would like to refer to
         * album_song as: track you can specify this by calling this method like:
         *
         * renameAssociation('album_song','track')
         *
         * This allows:
         *
         * $album->sharedSong
         *
         * to add/retrieve beans from track instead of album_song.
         * Also works for exportAll().
         *
         * This method also accepts a single associative array as
         * its first argument.
         *
         * @param string|array $fromType
         * @param string       $toType (optional)
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function renameAssocTable($fromType, $toType = NULL);

        /**
         * Returns the format for link tables.
         * Given an array containing two type names this method returns the
         * name of the link table to be used to store and retrieve
         * association records. For instance, given two types: person and
         * project, the corresponding link table might be: 'person_project'.
         *
         * @param  array $types two types array($type1, $type2)
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getAssocTable($types);

        /**
         * Given a bean type and a property, this method
         * tries to infer the fetch type using the foreign key
         * definitions in the database.
         * For instance: project, student -> person.
         * If no fetchType can be inferred, this method will return NULL.
         *
         * @note QueryWriters do not have to implement this method,
         * it's optional. A default version is available in AQueryWriter.
         *
         * @param $type     the source type to fetch a target type for
         * @param $property the property to fetch the type of
         *
         * @return string|NULL
         */
        public function inferFetchType($type, $property);
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

    /**
     * RedBeanPHP Abstract Query Writer.
     * Represents an abstract Database to RedBean
     * To write a driver for a different database for RedBean
     * Contains a number of functions all implementors can
     * inherit or override.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/AQueryWriter.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    abstract class AQueryWriter {

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        private static $sqlFilters = array();

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        private static $flagSQLFilterSafeMode = false;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        private static $flagNarrowFieldMode = true;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        public static $renames = array();

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $adapter;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $defaultValue = 'NULL';

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $quoteCharacter = '';

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected $flagUseCache = TRUE;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $cache = array();

        /**
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $maxCacheSizePerType = 20;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        public $typeno_sqltype = array();

        /**
         * Checks whether a number can be treated like an int.
         *
         * @param  string $value string representation of a certain value
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public static function canBeTreatedAsInt($value) {
            return (bool) ( strval($value) === strval(intval($value)) );
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getAssocTableFormat
         */
        public static function getAssocTableFormat($types) {
            sort($types);

            $assoc = implode('_', $types);

            return ( isset(self::$renames[$assoc]) ) ? self::$renames[$assoc] : $assoc;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::renameAssociation
         */
        public static function renameAssociation($from, $to = NULL) {
            if (is_array($from)) {
                foreach ($from as $key => $value)
                    self::$renames[$key] = $value;

                return;
            }

            self::$renames[$from] = $to;
        }

        /**
         * Globally available service method for RedBeanPHP.
         * Converts a camel cased string to a snake cased string.
         *
         * @param string $camel a camelCased string
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function camelsSnake($camel) {
            return strtolower(preg_replace('/(?<=[a-z])([A-Z])|([A-Z])(?=[a-z])/', '_$1$2', $camel));
        }

        /**
         * Clears renames.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function clearRenames() {
            self::$renames = array();
        }

        /**
         * Toggles 'Narrow Field Mode'.
         * In Narrow Field mode the queryRecord method will
         * narrow its selection field to
         *
         * SELECT {table}.*
         *
         * instead of
         *
         * SELECT *
         *
         * This is a better way of querying because it allows
         * more flexibility (for instance joins). However if you need
         * the wide selector for backward compatibility; use this method
         * to turn OFF Narrow Field Mode by passing FALSE.
         *
         * @param boolean $narrowField TRUE = Narrow Field FALSE = Wide Field
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setNarrowFieldMode($narrowField) {
            self::$flagNarrowFieldMode = (boolean) $narrowField;
        }

        /**
         * Sets SQL filters.
         * This is a lowlevel method to set the SQL filter array.
         * The format of this array is:
         *
         * array(
         * 		'<MODE, i.e. 'r' for read, 'w' for write>' => array(
         * 			'<TABLE NAME>' => array(
         * 				'<COLUMN NAME>' => '<SQL>'
         * 			)
         * 		)
         * )
         *
         * Example:
         *
         * array(
         * QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ => array(
         * 	'book' => array(
         * 		'title' => ' LOWER(book.title) '
         * 	)
         * )
         *
         * Note that you can use constants instead of magical chars
         * as keys for the uppermost array.
         * This is a lowlevel method. For a more friendly method
         * please take a look at the facade: R::bindFunc().
         *
         * @param array
         */
        public static function setSQLFilters($sqlFilters, $safeMode = false) {
            self::$flagSQLFilterSafeMode = (boolean) $safeMode;
            self::$sqlFilters = $sqlFilters;
        }

        /**
         * Returns current SQL Filters.
         * This method returns the raw SQL filter array.
         * This is a lowlevel method. For a more friendly method
         * please take a look at the facade: R::bindFunc().
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getSQLFilters() {
            return self::$sqlFilters;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a cache key for the cache values passed.
         * This method returns a fingerprint string to be used as a key to store
         * data in the writer cache.
         *
         * @param array $keyValues key-value to generate key for
         *
         * @return string
         */
        private function getCacheKey($keyValues) {
            return json_encode($keyValues);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the values associated with the provided cache tag and key.
         *
         * @param string $cacheTag cache tag to use for lookup
         * @param string $key      key to use for lookup
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        private function getCached($cacheTag, $key) {
            $sql = $this->adapter->getSQL();

            if ($this->updateCache()) {
                if (isset($this->cache[$cacheTag][$key])) {
                    return $this->cache[$cacheTag][$key];
                }
            }

            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if the previous query had a keep-cache tag.
         * If so, the cache will persist, otherwise the cache will be flushed.
         *
         * Returns TRUE if the cache will remain and FALSE if a flush has
         * been performed.
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        private function updateCache() {
            $sql = $this->adapter->getSQL();
            if (strpos($sql, '-- keep-cache') !== strlen($sql) - 13) {
                // If SQL has been taken place outside of this method then something else then
                // a select query might have happened! (or instruct to keep cache)
                $this->cache = array();
                return FALSE;
            }
            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * Stores data from the writer in the cache under a specific key and cache tag.
         * A cache tag is used to make sure the cache remains consistent. In most cases the cache tag
         * will be the bean type, this makes sure queries associated with a certain reference type will
         * never contain conflicting data.
         * Why not use the cache tag as a key? Well
         * we need to make sure the cache contents fits the key (and key is based on the cache values).
         * Otherwise it would be possible to store two different result sets under the same key (the cache tag).
         *
         * In previous versions you could only store one key-entry, I have changed this to
         * improve caching efficiency (issue #400).
         *
         * @param string $cacheTag cache tag (secondary key)
         * @param string $key      key
         * @param array  $values   content to be stored
         *
         * @return void
         */
        private function putResultInCache($cacheTag, $key, $values) {
            if (isset($this->cache[$cacheTag])) {
                if (count($this->cache[$cacheTag]) > $this->maxCacheSizePerType)
                    array_shift($this->cache[$cacheTag]);
            } else {
                $this->cache[$cacheTag] = array();
            }

            $this->cache[$cacheTag][$key] = $values;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an SQL snippet from a list of conditions of format:
         *
         * array(
         *    key => array(
         *           value1, value2, value3 ....
         *        )
         * )
         *
         * @param array  $conditions list of conditions
         * @param array  $bindings   parameter bindings for SQL snippet
         * @param string $addSql     SQL snippet
         *
         * @return string
         */
        private function makeSQLFromConditions($conditions, &$bindings, $addSql = '') {
            reset($bindings);
            $firstKey = key($bindings);
            $paramTypeIsNum = ( is_numeric($firstKey) );
            $counter = 0;

            $sqlConditions = array();
            foreach ($conditions as $column => $values) {
                if (!count($values))
                    continue;

                $sql = $this->esc($column);
                $sql .= ' IN ( ';

                if (!is_array($values))
                    $values = array($values);

                // If it's safe to skip bindings, do so...
                if (ctype_digit(implode('', $values))) {
                    $sql .= implode(',', $values) . ' ) ';

                    // only numeric, cant do much harm
                    $sqlConditions[] = $sql;
                } else {

                    if ($paramTypeIsNum) {
                        $sql .= implode(',', array_fill(0, count($values), '?')) . ' ) ';

                        array_unshift($sqlConditions, $sql);

                        foreach ($values as $k => $v) {
                            $values[$k] = strval($v);

                            array_unshift($bindings, $v);
                        }
                    } else {

                        $slots = array();

                        foreach ($values as $k => $v) {
                            $slot = ':slot' . $counter++;
                            $slots[] = $slot;
                            $bindings[$slot] = strval($v);
                        }

                        $sql .= implode(',', $slots) . ' ) ';
                        $sqlConditions[] = $sql;
                    }
                }
            }

            $sql = '';
            if (is_array($sqlConditions) && count($sqlConditions) > 0) {
                $sql = implode(' AND ', $sqlConditions);
                $sql = " WHERE ( $sql ) ";

                if ($addSql)
                    $sql .= $addSql;
            } elseif ($addSql) {
                $sql = $addSql;
            }

            return $sql;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the table names and column names for a relational query.
         *
         * @param string  $sourceType type of the source bean
         * @param string  $destType   type of the bean you want to obtain using the relation
         * @param boolean $noQuote    TRUE if you want to omit quotes
         *
         * @return array
         */
        private function getRelationalTablesAndColumns($sourceType, $destType, $noQuote = FALSE) {
            $linkTable = $this->esc($this->getAssocTable(array($sourceType, $destType)), $noQuote);
            $sourceCol = $this->esc($sourceType . '_id', $noQuote);

            if ($sourceType === $destType) {
                $destCol = $this->esc($destType . '2_id', $noQuote);
            } else {
                $destCol = $this->esc($destType . '_id', $noQuote);
            }

            $sourceTable = $this->esc($sourceType, $noQuote);
            $destTable = $this->esc($destType, $noQuote);

            return array($sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol);
        }

        /**
         * Given a type and a property name this method
         * returns the foreign key map section associated with this pair.
         *
         * @param string $type     name of the type
         * @param string $property name of the property
         *
         * @return array|NULL
         */
        protected function getForeignKeyForTypeProperty($type, $property) {
            $property = $this->esc($property, TRUE);

            try {
                $map = $this->getKeyMapForType($type);
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                return NULL;
            }

            foreach ($map as $key) {
                if ($key['from'] === $property)
                    return $key;
            }
            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the foreign key map (FKM) for a type.
         * A foreign key map describes the foreign keys in a table.
         * A FKM always has the same structure:
         *
         * array(
         * 	'name'      => <name of the foreign key>
         *    'from'      => <name of the column on the source table>
         *    'table'     => <name of the target table>
         *    'to'        => <name of the target column> (most of the time 'id')
         *    'on_update' => <update rule: 'SET NULL','CASCADE' or 'RESTRICT'>
         *    'on_delete' => <delete rule: 'SET NULL','CASCADE' or 'RESTRICT'>
         * )
         *
         * @note the keys in the result array are FKDLs, i.e. descriptive unique
         * keys per source table. Also see: AQueryWriter::makeFKLabel for details.
         *
         * @param string $type the bean type you wish to obtain a key map of
         *
         * @return array
         */
        protected function getKeyMapForType($type) {
            return array();
        }

        /**
         * This method makes a key for a foreign key description array.
         * This key is a readable string unique for every source table.
         * This uniform key is called the FKDL Foreign Key Description Label.
         * Note that the source table is not part of the FKDL because
         * this key is supposed to be 'per source table'. If you wish to
         * include a source table, prefix the key with 'on_table_<SOURCE>_'.
         *
         * @param string $from  the column of the key in the source table
         * @param string $type  the type (table) where the key points to
         * @param string $to    the target column of the foreign key (mostly just 'id')
         *
         * @return string
         */
        protected function makeFKLabel($from, $type, $to) {
            return "from_{$from}_to_table_{$type}_col_{$to}";
        }

        /**
         * Returns an SQL Filter snippet for reading.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean
         *
         * @return string
         */
        protected function getSQLFilterSnippet($type) {
            $existingCols = array();
            if (self::$flagSQLFilterSafeMode) {
                $existingCols = $this->getColumns($type);
            }

            $sqlFilters = array();
            if (isset(self::$sqlFilters[QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ][$type])) {
                foreach (self::$sqlFilters[QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ][$type] as $property => $sqlFilter) {
                    if (!self::$flagSQLFilterSafeMode || isset($existingCols[$property])) {
                        $sqlFilters[] = $sqlFilter . ' AS ' . $property . ' ';
                    }
                }
            }
            $sqlFilterStr = ( count($sqlFilters) ) ? ( ',' . implode(',', $sqlFilters) ) : '';
            return $sqlFilterStr;
        }

        /**
         * Generates a list of parameters (slots) for an SQL snippet.
         * This method calculates the correct number of slots to insert in the
         * SQL snippet and determines the correct type of slot. If the bindings
         * array contains named parameters this method will return named ones and
         * update the keys in the value list accordingly (that's why we use the &).
         *
         * If you pass an offset the bindings will be re-added to the value list.
         * Some databases cant handle duplicate parameter names in queries.
         *
         * @param array   &$valueList     list of values to generate slots for (gets modified if needed)
         * @param array   $otherBindings  list of additional bindings
         * @param integer $offset         start counter at...
         *
         * @return string
         */
        protected function getParametersForInClause(&$valueList, $otherBindings, $offset = 0) {
            if (is_array($otherBindings) && count($otherBindings) > 0) {
                reset($otherBindings);

                $key = key($otherBindings);

                if (!is_numeric($key)) {
                    $filler = array();
                    $newList = (!$offset) ? array() : $valueList;
                    $counter = $offset;

                    foreach ($valueList as $value) {
                        $slot = ':slot' . ( $counter++);
                        $filler[] = $slot;
                        $newList[$slot] = $value;
                    }

                    // Change the keys!
                    $valueList = $newList;

                    return implode(',', $filler);
                }
            }

            return implode(',', array_fill(0, count($valueList), '?'));
        }

        /**
         * Adds a data type to the list of data types.
         * Use this method to add a new column type definition to the writer.
         * Used for UUID support.
         *
         * @param integer $dataTypeID    magic number constant assigned to this data type
         * @param string  $SQLDefinition SQL column definition (i.e. INT(11))
         *
         * @return self
         */
        protected function addDataType($dataTypeID, $SQLDefinition) {
            $this->typeno_sqltype[$dataTypeID] = $SQLDefinition;
            $this->sqltype_typeno[$SQLDefinition] = $dataTypeID;
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the sql that should follow an insert statement.
         *
         * @param string $table name
         *
         * @return string
         */
        protected function getInsertSuffix($table) {
            return '';
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether a value starts with zeros. In this case
         * the value should probably be stored using a text datatype instead of a
         * numerical type in order to preserve the zeros.
         *
         * @param string $value value to be checked.
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        protected function startsWithZeros($value) {
            $value = strval($value);

            if (strlen($value) > 1 && strpos($value, '0') === 0 && strpos($value, '0.') !== 0) {
                return TRUE;
            } else {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Inserts a record into the database using a series of insert columns
         * and corresponding insertvalues. Returns the insert id.
         *
         * @param string $table         table to perform query on
         * @param array  $insertcolumns columns to be inserted
         * @param array  $insertvalues  values to be inserted
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        protected function insertRecord($type, $insertcolumns, $insertvalues) {
            $default = $this->defaultValue;
            $suffix = $this->getInsertSuffix($type);
            $table = $this->esc($type);

            if (count($insertvalues) > 0 && is_array($insertvalues[0]) && count($insertvalues[0]) > 0) {

                $insertSlots = array();
                foreach ($insertcolumns as $k => $v) {
                    $insertcolumns[$k] = $this->esc($v);

                    if (isset(self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$v])) {
                        $insertSlots[] = self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$v];
                    } else {
                        $insertSlots[] = '?';
                    }
                }

                $insertSQL = "INSERT INTO $table ( id, " . implode(',', $insertcolumns) . " ) VALUES
			( $default, " . implode(',', $insertSlots) . " ) $suffix";

                $ids = array();
                foreach ($insertvalues as $i => $insertvalue) {
                    $ids[] = $this->adapter->getCell($insertSQL, $insertvalue, $i);
                }

                $result = count($ids) === 1 ? array_pop($ids) : $ids;
            } else {
                $result = $this->adapter->getCell("INSERT INTO $table (id) VALUES($default) $suffix");
            }

            if ($suffix)
                return $result;

            $last_id = $this->adapter->getInsertID();

            return $last_id;
        }

        /**
         * Checks table name or column name.
         *
         * @param string $table table string
         *
         * @return string
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        protected function check($struct) {
            if (!is_string($struct) || !preg_match('/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$/', $struct)) {
                throw new RedException('Identifier does not conform to RedBeanPHP security policies.');
            }

            return $struct;
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether the specified type (i.e. table) already exists in the database.
         * Not part of the Object Database interface!
         *
         * @param string $table table name
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function tableExists($table) {
            $tables = $this->getTables();

            return in_array($table, $tables);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::glueSQLCondition
         */
        public function glueSQLCondition($sql, $glue = NULL) {
            static $snippetCache = array();

            if (trim($sql) === '') {
                return $sql;
            }

            $key = $glue . '|' . $sql;

            if (isset($snippetCache[$key])) {
                return $snippetCache[$key];
            }

            $lsql = ltrim($sql);

            if (preg_match('/^(INNER|LEFT|RIGHT|JOIN|AND|OR|WHERE|ORDER|GROUP|HAVING|LIMIT|OFFSET)\s+/i', $lsql)) {
                if ($glue === QueryWriter::C_GLUE_WHERE && stripos($lsql, 'AND') === 0) {
                    $snippetCache[$key] = ' WHERE ' . substr($lsql, 3);
                } else {
                    $snippetCache[$key] = $sql;
                }
            } else {
                $snippetCache[$key] = ( ( $glue === QueryWriter::C_GLUE_AND ) ? ' AND ' : ' WHERE ') . $sql;
            }

            return $snippetCache[$key];
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::glueLimitOne
         */
        public function glueLimitOne($sql = '') {
            return ( strpos($sql, 'LIMIT') === FALSE ) ? ( $sql . ' LIMIT 1 ' ) : $sql;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::esc
         */
        public function esc($dbStructure, $dontQuote = FALSE) {
            $this->check($dbStructure);

            return ( $dontQuote ) ? $dbStructure : $this->quoteCharacter . $dbStructure . $this->quoteCharacter;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addColumn
         */
        public function addColumn($type, $column, $field) {
            $table = $type;
            $type = $field;
            $table = $this->esc($table);
            $column = $this->esc($column);

            $type = ( isset($this->typeno_sqltype[$type]) ) ? $this->typeno_sqltype[$type] : '';

            $this->adapter->exec("ALTER TABLE $table ADD $column $type ");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::updateRecord
         */
        public function updateRecord($type, $updatevalues, $id = NULL) {
            $table = $type;

            if (!$id) {
                $insertcolumns = $insertvalues = array();

                foreach ($updatevalues as $pair) {
                    $insertcolumns[] = $pair['property'];
                    $insertvalues[] = $pair['value'];
                }

                //Otherwise psql returns string while MySQL/SQLite return numeric causing problems with additions (array_diff)
                return (string) $this->insertRecord($table, $insertcolumns, array($insertvalues));
            }

            if ($id && !count($updatevalues)) {
                return $id;
            }

            $table = $this->esc($table);
            $sql = "UPDATE $table SET ";

            $p = $v = array();

            foreach ($updatevalues as $uv) {

                if (isset(self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$uv['property']])) {
                    $p[] = " {$this->esc($uv["property"])} = " . self::$sqlFilters['w'][$type][$uv['property']];
                } else {
                    $p[] = " {$this->esc($uv["property"])} = ? ";
                }

                $v[] = $uv['value'];
            }

            $sql .= implode(',', $p) . ' WHERE id = ? ';

            $v[] = $id;

            $this->adapter->exec($sql, $v);

            return $id;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::writeJoin
         */
        public function writeJoin($type, $targetType, $leftRight = 'LEFT') {
            if ($leftRight !== 'LEFT' && $leftRight !== 'RIGHT' && $leftRight !== 'INNER')
                throw new RedException('Invalid JOIN.');

            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $targetTable = $this->esc($targetType);
            $field = $this->esc($targetType, TRUE);
            return " {$leftRight} JOIN {$targetTable} ON {$targetTable}.id = {$table}.{$field}_id ";
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryRecord
         */
        public function queryRecord($type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $addSql = $this->glueSQLCondition($addSql, ( count($conditions) > 0) ? QueryWriter::C_GLUE_AND : NULL );

            $key = NULL;
            if ($this->flagUseCache) {
                $key = $this->getCacheKey(array($conditions, $addSql, $bindings, 'select'));

                if ($cached = $this->getCached($type, $key)) {
                    return $cached;
                }
            }

            $table = $this->esc($type);

            $sqlFilterStr = '';
            if (count(self::$sqlFilters)) {
                $sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet($type);
            }

            $sql = $this->makeSQLFromConditions($conditions, $bindings, $addSql);

            $fieldSelection = ( self::$flagNarrowFieldMode ) ? "{$table}.*" : '*';
            $sql = "SELECT {$fieldSelection} {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$table} {$sql} -- keep-cache";

            $rows = $this->adapter->get($sql, $bindings);


            if ($this->flagUseCache && $key) {
                $this->putResultInCache($type, $key, $rows);
            }

            return $rows;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordWithCursor
         */
        public function queryRecordWithCursor($type, $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $sql = $this->glueSQLCondition($addSql, NULL);
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $sql = "SELECT {$table}.* FROM {$table} {$sql}";
            return $this->adapter->getCursor($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordRelated
         */
        public function queryRecordRelated($sourceType, $destType, $linkIDs, $addSql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $addSql = $this->glueSQLCondition($addSql, QueryWriter::C_GLUE_WHERE);

            list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns($sourceType, $destType);

            $key = $this->getCacheKey(array($sourceType, $destType, implode(',', $linkIDs), $addSql, $bindings));

            if ($this->flagUseCache && $cached = $this->getCached($destType, $key)) {
                return $cached;
            }

            $inClause = $this->getParametersForInClause($linkIDs, $bindings);

            $sqlFilterStr = '';
            if (count(self::$sqlFilters)) {
                $sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet($destType);
            }

            if ($sourceType === $destType) {
                $inClause2 = $this->getParametersForInClause($linkIDs, $bindings, count($bindings)); //for some databases
                $sql = "
			SELECT
				{$destTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr} ,
				COALESCE(
				NULLIF({$linkTable}.{$sourceCol}, {$destTable}.id),
				NULLIF({$linkTable}.{$destCol}, {$destTable}.id)) AS linked_by
			FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} IN ($inClause) ) OR
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$destCol} IN ($inClause2) )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";

                $linkIDs = array_merge($linkIDs, $linkIDs);
            } else {
                $sql = "
			SELECT
				{$destTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr},
				{$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} AS linked_by
			FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} IN ($inClause) )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";
            }

            $bindings = array_merge($linkIDs, $bindings);

            $rows = $this->adapter->get($sql, $bindings);

            $this->putResultInCache($destType, $key, $rows);

            return $rows;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordLink
         */
        public function queryRecordLink($sourceType, $destType, $sourceID, $destID) {
            list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns($sourceType, $destType);

            $key = $this->getCacheKey(array($sourceType, $destType, $sourceID, $destID));

            if ($this->flagUseCache && $cached = $this->getCached($linkTable, $key)) {
                return $cached;
            }

            $sqlFilterStr = '';
            if (count(self::$sqlFilters)) {
                $sqlFilterStr = $this->getSQLFilterSnippet($destType);
            }

            if ($sourceTable === $destTable) {
                $sql = "SELECT {$linkTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE ( {$sourceCol} = ? AND {$destCol} = ? ) OR
				 ( {$destCol} = ? AND {$sourceCol} = ? ) -- keep-cache";
                $row = $this->adapter->getRow($sql, array($sourceID, $destID, $sourceID, $destID));
            } else {
                $sql = "SELECT {$linkTable}.* {$sqlFilterStr} FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE {$sourceCol} = ? AND {$destCol} = ? -- keep-cache";
                $row = $this->adapter->getRow($sql, array($sourceID, $destID));
            }

            $this->putResultInCache($linkTable, $key, $row);

            return $row;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryTagged
         */
        public function queryTagged($type, $tagList, $all = FALSE, $addSql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $assocType = $this->getAssocTable(array($type, 'tag'));
            $assocTable = $this->esc($assocType);
            $assocField = $type . '_id';
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $slots = implode(',', array_fill(0, count($tagList), '?'));
            $score = ( $all ) ? count($tagList) : 1;

            $sql = "
			SELECT {$table}.*, count({$table}.id) FROM {$table}
			INNER JOIN {$assocTable} ON {$assocField} = {$table}.id
			INNER JOIN tag ON {$assocTable}.tag_id = tag.id
			WHERE tag.title IN ({$slots})
			GROUP BY {$table}.id
			HAVING count({$table}.id) >= ?
			{$addSql}
		";

            $bindings = array_merge($tagList, array($score), $bindings);
            $rows = $this->adapter->get($sql, $bindings);
            return $rows;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordCount
         */
        public function queryRecordCount($type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $addSql = $this->glueSQLCondition($addSql);

            $table = $this->esc($type);

            $this->updateCache(); //check if cache chain has been broken

            $sql = $this->makeSQLFromConditions($conditions, $bindings, $addSql);
            $sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$table} {$sql} -- keep-cache";

            return (int) $this->adapter->getCell($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::queryRecordCountRelated
         */
        public function queryRecordCountRelated($sourceType, $destType, $linkID, $addSql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns($sourceType, $destType);

            $this->updateCache(); //check if cache chain has been broken

            if ($sourceType === $destType) {
                $sql = "
			SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} = ? ) OR
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$destCol} = ? )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";

                $bindings = array_merge(array($linkID, $linkID), $bindings);
            } else {
                $sql = "
			SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$linkTable}
			INNER JOIN {$destTable} ON
			( {$destTable}.id = {$linkTable}.{$destCol} AND {$linkTable}.{$sourceCol} = ? )
			{$addSql}
			-- keep-cache";

                $bindings = array_merge(array($linkID), $bindings);
            }

            return (int) $this->adapter->getCell($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::deleteRecord
         */
        public function deleteRecord($type, $conditions = array(), $addSql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $addSql = $this->glueSQLCondition($addSql);

            $table = $this->esc($type);

            $sql = $this->makeSQLFromConditions($conditions, $bindings, $addSql);
            $sql = "DELETE FROM {$table} {$sql}";

            $this->adapter->exec($sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::deleteRelations
         */
        public function deleteRelations($sourceType, $destType, $sourceID) {
            list( $sourceTable, $destTable, $linkTable, $sourceCol, $destCol ) = $this->getRelationalTablesAndColumns($sourceType, $destType);

            if ($sourceTable === $destTable) {
                $sql = "DELETE FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE ( {$sourceCol} = ? ) OR
				( {$destCol} = ?  )
			";

                $this->adapter->exec($sql, array($sourceID, $sourceID));
            } else {
                $sql = "DELETE FROM {$linkTable}
				WHERE {$sourceCol} = ? ";

                $this->adapter->exec($sql, array($sourceID));
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::widenColumn
         */
        public function widenColumn($type, $property, $dataType) {
            if (!isset($this->typeno_sqltype[$dataType]))
                return FALSE;

            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $column = $this->esc($property);

            $newType = $this->typeno_sqltype[$dataType];

            $this->adapter->exec("ALTER TABLE $table CHANGE $column $column $newType ");

            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::wipe
         */
        public function wipe($type) {
            $table = $this->esc($type);

            $this->adapter->exec("TRUNCATE $table ");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::renameAssocTable
         */
        public function renameAssocTable($from, $to = NULL) {
            self::renameAssociation($from, $to);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getAssocTable
         */
        public function getAssocTable($types) {
            return self::getAssocTableFormat($types);
        }

        /**
         * Turns caching on or off. Default: off.
         * If caching is turned on retrieval queries fired after eachother will
         * use a result row cache.
         *
         * @param boolean
         */
        public function setUseCache($yesNo) {
            $this->flushCache();

            $this->flagUseCache = (bool) $yesNo;
        }

        /**
         * Flushes the Query Writer Cache.
         * Clears the internal query cache array and returns its overall
         * size.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public function flushCache($newMaxCacheSizePerType = NULL) {
            if (!is_null($newMaxCacheSizePerType) && $newMaxCacheSizePerType > 0) {
                $this->maxCacheSizePerType = $newMaxCacheSizePerType;
            }
            $count = count($this->cache, COUNT_RECURSIVE);
            $this->cache = array();
            return $count;
        }

        /**
         * @deprecated Use esc() instead.
         *
         * @param string  $column   column to be escaped
         * @param boolean $noQuotes omit quotes
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function safeColumn($column, $noQuotes = FALSE) {
            return $this->esc($column, $noQuotes);
        }

        /**
         * @deprecated Use esc() instead.
         *
         * @param string  $table    table to be escaped
         * @param boolean $noQuotes omit quotes
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function safeTable($table, $noQuotes = FALSE) {
            return $this->esc($table, $noQuotes);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::inferFetchType
         */
        public function inferFetchType($type, $property) {
            $type = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $field = $this->esc($property, TRUE) . '_id';
            $keys = $this->getKeyMapForType($type);

            foreach ($keys as $key) {
                if (
                        $key['from'] === $field
                )
                    return $key['table'];
            }
            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueConstraint
         */
        public function addUniqueIndex($type, $properties) {
            return $this->addUniqueConstraint($type, $properties);
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

    /**
     * RedBeanPHP MySQLWriter.
     * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
     * This QueryWriter provides support for the MySQL/MariaDB database platform.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/MySQL.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class MySQL extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter {

        /**
         * Data types
         */
        const C_DATATYPE_BOOL = 0;
        const C_DATATYPE_UINT32 = 2;
        const C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE = 3;
        const C_DATATYPE_TEXT7 = 4; //InnoDB cant index varchar(255) utf8mb4 - so keep 191 as long as possible
        const C_DATATYPE_TEXT8 = 5;
        const C_DATATYPE_TEXT16 = 6;
        const C_DATATYPE_TEXT32 = 7;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE = 80;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME = 81;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT = 90;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LINESTRING = 91;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON = 92;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED = 99;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $adapter;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $quoteCharacter = '`';

        /**
         * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
         */
        protected function getKeyMapForType($type) {
            $databaseName = $this->adapter->getCell('SELECT DATABASE()');
            $table = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $keys = $this->adapter->get('
			SELECT
				information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name AS `name`,
				information_schema.key_column_usage.referenced_table_name AS `table`,
				information_schema.key_column_usage.column_name AS `from`,
				information_schema.key_column_usage.referenced_column_name AS `to`,
				information_schema.referential_constraints.update_rule AS `on_update`,
				information_schema.referential_constraints.delete_rule AS `on_delete`
				FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
				INNER JOIN information_schema.referential_constraints
				ON information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_name = information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name
			WHERE
				information_schema.key_column_usage.table_schema = :database
				AND information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_schema  = :database
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema  = :database
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.table_name = :table
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name != \'PRIMARY\'
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.referenced_table_name IS NOT NULL
		', array(':database' => $databaseName, ':table' => $table));
            $keyInfoList = array();
            foreach ($keys as $k) {
                $label = $this->makeFKLabel($k['from'], $k['table'], $k['to']);
                $keyInfoList[$label] = array(
                    'name' => $k['name'],
                    'from' => $k['from'],
                    'table' => $k['table'],
                    'to' => $k['to'],
                    'on_update' => $k['on_update'],
                    'on_delete' => $k['on_delete']
                );
            }
            return $keyInfoList;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor
         *
         * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
         */
        public function __construct(Adapter $adapter) {
            $this->typeno_sqltype = array(
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL => ' TINYINT(1) UNSIGNED ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_UINT32 => ' INT(11) UNSIGNED ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE => ' DOUBLE ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT7 => ' VARCHAR(191) ',
                MYSQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT8 => ' VARCHAR(255) ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT16 => ' TEXT ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT32 => ' LONGTEXT ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE => ' DATE ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME => ' DATETIME ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT => ' POINT ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LINESTRING => ' LINESTRING ',
                MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON => ' POLYGON ',
            );

            $this->sqltype_typeno = array();

            foreach ($this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v) {
                $this->sqltype_typeno[trim(strtolower($v))] = $k;
            }

            $this->adapter = $adapter;

            $this->encoding = $this->adapter->getDatabase()->getMysqlEncoding();
        }

        /**
         * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
         * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
         *
         * @return integer $const data type to be used for IDS.
         */
        public function getTypeForID() {
            return self::C_DATATYPE_UINT32;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getTables
         */
        public function getTables() {
            return $this->adapter->getCol('show tables');
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::createTable
         */
        public function createTable($table) {
            $table = $this->esc($table);

            $encoding = $this->adapter->getDatabase()->getMysqlEncoding();
            $sql = "CREATE TABLE $table (id INT( 11 ) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY ( id )) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET={$encoding} COLLATE={$encoding}_unicode_ci ";

            $this->adapter->exec($sql);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
         */
        public function getColumns($table) {
            $columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get("DESCRIBE " . $this->esc($table));

            $columns = array();
            foreach ($columnsRaw as $r) {
                $columns[$r['Field']] = $r['Type'];
            }

            return $columns;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::scanType
         */
        public function scanType($value, $flagSpecial = FALSE) {
            $this->svalue = $value;

            if (is_null($value))
                return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL;
            if ($value === INF)
                return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT7;

            if ($flagSpecial) {
                if (preg_match('/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d$/', $value)) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE;
                }
                if (preg_match('/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d$/', $value)) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME;
                }
                if (preg_match('/^POINT\(/', $value)) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT;
                }
                if (preg_match('/^LINESTRING\(/', $value)) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LINESTRING;
                }
                if (preg_match('/^POLYGON\(/', $value)) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON;
                }
            }

            //setter turns TRUE FALSE into 0 and 1 because database has no real bools (TRUE and FALSE only for test?).
            if ($value === FALSE || $value === TRUE || $value === '0' || $value === '1') {
                return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_BOOL;
            }

            if (is_float($value))
                return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;

            if (!$this->startsWithZeros($value)) {

                if (is_numeric($value) && ( floor($value) == $value ) && $value >= 0 && $value <= 4294967295) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_UINT32;
                }

                if (is_numeric($value)) {
                    return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;
                }
            }

            if (mb_strlen($value, 'UTF-8') <= 191) {
                return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT7;
            }

            if (mb_strlen($value, 'UTF-8') <= 255) {
                return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT8;
            }

            if (mb_strlen($value, 'UTF-8') <= 65535) {
                return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT16;
            }

            return MySQL::C_DATATYPE_TEXT32;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::code
         */
        public function code($typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE) {
            if (isset($this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription])) {
                $r = $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription];
            } else {
                $r = self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
            }

            if ($includeSpecials) {
                return $r;
            }

            if ($r >= QueryWriter::C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL) {
                return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
            }

            return $r;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
         */
        public function addUniqueConstraint($type, $properties) {
            $tableNoQ = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $columns = array();
            foreach ($properties as $key => $column)
                $columns[$key] = $this->esc($column);
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            sort($columns); // Else we get multiple indexes due to order-effects
            $name = 'UQ_' . sha1(implode(',', $columns));
            try {
                $sql = "ALTER TABLE $table
						 ADD UNIQUE INDEX $name (" . implode(',', $columns) . ")";
                $this->adapter->exec($sql);
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                //do nothing, dont use alter table ignore, this will delete duplicate records in 3-ways!
                return FALSE;
            }
            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
         */
        public function addIndex($type, $name, $property) {
            try {
                $table = $this->esc($type);
                $name = preg_replace('/\W/', '', $name);
                $column = $this->esc($property);
                $this->adapter->exec("CREATE INDEX $name ON $table ($column) ");
                return TRUE;
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addFK
         */
        public function addFK($type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDependent = FALSE) {
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $targetTable = $this->esc($targetType);
            $targetTableNoQ = $this->esc($targetType, TRUE);
            $field = $this->esc($property);
            $fieldNoQ = $this->esc($property, TRUE);
            $targetField = $this->esc($targetProperty);
            $targetFieldNoQ = $this->esc($targetProperty, TRUE);
            $tableNoQ = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $fieldNoQ = $this->esc($property, TRUE);
            if (!is_null($this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty($tableNoQ, $fieldNoQ)))
                return FALSE;

            //Widen the column if it's incapable of representing a foreign key (at least INT).
            $columns = $this->getColumns($tableNoQ);
            $idType = $this->getTypeForID();
            if ($this->code($columns[$fieldNoQ]) !== $idType) {
                $this->widenColumn($type, $property, $idType);
            }

            $fkName = 'fk_' . ($tableNoQ . '_' . $fieldNoQ);
            $cName = 'c_' . $fkName;
            try {
                $this->adapter->exec("
				ALTER TABLE {$table}
				ADD CONSTRAINT $cName
				FOREIGN KEY $fkName ( {$fieldNoQ} ) REFERENCES {$targetTableNoQ}
				({$targetFieldNoQ}) ON DELETE " . ( $isDependent ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' ) . ' ON UPDATE ' . ( $isDependent ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' ) . ';');
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                // Failure of fk-constraints is not a problem
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
         */
        public function sqlStateIn($state, $list) {
            $stateMap = array(
                '42S02' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
                '42S22' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
                '23000' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION
            );

            return in_array(( isset($stateMap[$state]) ? $stateMap[$state] : '0'), $list);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
         */
        public function wipeAll() {
            $this->adapter->exec('SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;');

            foreach ($this->getTables() as $t) {
                try {
                    $this->adapter->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$t`");
                } catch (SQLException $e) {

                }

                try {
                    $this->adapter->exec("DROP VIEW IF EXISTS `$t`");
                } catch (SQLException $e) {

                }
            }

            $this->adapter->exec('SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;');
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

    /**
     * RedBeanPHP SQLiteWriter with support for SQLite types
     * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
     * This QueryWriter provides support for the SQLite database platform.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/SQLiteT.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class SQLiteT extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter {

        /**
         * Data types
         */
        const C_DATATYPE_INTEGER = 0;
        const C_DATATYPE_NUMERIC = 1;
        const C_DATATYPE_TEXT = 2;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED = 99;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $adapter;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $quoteCharacter = '`';

        /**
         * Gets all information about a table (from a type).
         *
         * Format:
         * array(
         *    name => name of the table
         *    columns => array( name => datatype )
         *    indexes => array() raw index information rows from PRAGMA query
         *    keys => array() raw key information rows from PRAGMA query
         * )
         *
         * @param string $type type you want to get info of
         *
         * @return array $info
         */
        protected function getTable($type) {
            $tableName = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $columns = $this->getColumns($type);
            $indexes = $this->getIndexes($type);
            $keys = $this->getKeyMapForType($type);

            $table = array(
                'columns' => $columns,
                'indexes' => $indexes,
                'keys' => $keys,
                'name' => $tableName
            );

            $this->tableArchive[$tableName] = $table;

            return $table;
        }

        /**
         * Puts a table. Updates the table structure.
         * In SQLite we can't change columns, drop columns, change or add foreign keys so we
         * have a table-rebuild function. You simply load your table with getTable(), modify it and
         * then store it with putTable()...
         *
         * @param array $tableMap information array
         */
        protected function putTable($tableMap) {
            $table = $tableMap['name'];
            $q = array();
            $q[] = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tmp_backup;";

            $oldColumnNames = array_keys($this->getColumns($table));

            foreach ($oldColumnNames as $k => $v)
                $oldColumnNames[$k] = "`$v`";

            $q[] = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp_backup(" . implode(",", $oldColumnNames) . ");";
            $q[] = "INSERT INTO tmp_backup SELECT * FROM `$table`;";
            $q[] = "PRAGMA foreign_keys = 0 ";
            $q[] = "DROP TABLE `$table`;";

            $newTableDefStr = '';
            foreach ($tableMap['columns'] as $column => $type) {
                if ($column != 'id') {
                    $newTableDefStr .= ",`$column` $type";
                }
            }

            $fkDef = '';
            foreach ($tableMap['keys'] as $key) {
                $fkDef .= ", FOREIGN KEY(`{$key['from']}`)
						 REFERENCES `{$key['table']}`(`{$key['to']}`)
						 ON DELETE {$key['on_delete']} ON UPDATE {$key['on_update']}";
            }

            $q[] = "CREATE TABLE `$table` ( `id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT  $newTableDefStr  $fkDef );";

            foreach ($tableMap['indexes'] as $name => $index) {
                if (strpos($name, 'UQ_') === 0) {
                    $cols = explode('__', substr($name, strlen('UQ_' . $table)));
                    foreach ($cols as $k => $v)
                        $cols[$k] = "`$v`";
                    $q[] = "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX $name ON `$table` (" . implode(',', $cols) . ")";
                } else
                    $q[] = "CREATE INDEX $name ON `$table` ({$index['name']}) ";
            }

            $q[] = "INSERT INTO `$table` SELECT * FROM tmp_backup;";
            $q[] = "DROP TABLE tmp_backup;";
            $q[] = "PRAGMA foreign_keys = 1 ";

            foreach ($q as $sq)
                $this->adapter->exec($sq);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the indexes for type $type.
         *
         * @param string $type
         *
         * @return array $indexInfo index information
         */
        protected function getIndexes($type) {
            $table = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $indexes = $this->adapter->get("PRAGMA index_list('$table')");

            $indexInfoList = array();
            foreach ($indexes as $i) {
                $indexInfoList[$i['name']] = $this->adapter->getRow("PRAGMA index_info('{$i['name']}') ");

                $indexInfoList[$i['name']]['unique'] = $i['unique'];
            }

            return $indexInfoList;
        }

        /**
         * Adds a foreign key to a type
         *
         * @param  string  $type        type you want to modify table of
         * @param  string  $targetType  target type
         * @param  string  $field       field of the type that needs to get the fk
         * @param  string  $targetField field where the fk needs to point to
         * @param  integer $buildopt    0 = NO ACTION, 1 = ON DELETE CASCADE
         *
         * @return boolean $didIt
         *
         * @note: cant put this in try-catch because that can hide the fact
         *      that database has been damaged.
         */
        protected function buildFK($type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $constraint = FALSE) {
            $table = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $targetTable = $this->esc($targetType, TRUE);
            $column = $this->esc($property, TRUE);
            $targetColumn = $this->esc($targetProperty, TRUE);

            $tables = $this->getTables();
            if (!in_array($targetTable, $tables))
                return FALSE;

            if (!is_null($this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty($table, $column)))
                return FALSE;
            $t = $this->getTable($table);
            $consSQL = ( $constraint ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' );
            $label = 'from_' . $column . '_to_table_' . $targetTable . '_col_' . $targetColumn;
            $t['keys'][$label] = array(
                'table' => $targetTable,
                'from' => $column,
                'to' => $targetColumn,
                'on_update' => $consSQL,
                'on_delete' => $consSQL
            );
            $this->putTable($t);
            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
         */
        protected function getKeyMapForType($type) {
            $table = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $keys = $this->adapter->get("PRAGMA foreign_key_list('$table')");
            $keyInfoList = array();
            foreach ($keys as $k) {
                $label = $this->makeFKLabel($k['from'], $k['table'], $k['to']);
                $keyInfoList[$label] = array(
                    'name' => $label,
                    'from' => $k['from'],
                    'table' => $k['table'],
                    'to' => $k['to'],
                    'on_update' => $k['on_update'],
                    'on_delete' => $k['on_delete']
                );
            }
            return $keyInfoList;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor
         *
         * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
         */
        public function __construct(Adapter $adapter) {
            $this->typeno_sqltype = array(
                SQLiteT::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER => 'INTEGER',
                SQLiteT::C_DATATYPE_NUMERIC => 'NUMERIC',
                SQLiteT::C_DATATYPE_TEXT => 'TEXT',
            );

            $this->sqltype_typeno = array();

            foreach ($this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v) {
                $this->sqltype_typeno[$v] = $k;
            }

            $this->adapter = $adapter;
        }

        /**
         * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
         * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
         *
         * @return integer $const data type to be used for IDS.
         */
        public function getTypeForID() {
            return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::scanType
         */
        public function scanType($value, $flagSpecial = FALSE) {
            $this->svalue = $value;

            if ($value === NULL)
                return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
            if ($value === INF)
                return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

            if ($this->startsWithZeros($value))
                return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

            if ($value === TRUE || $value === FALSE)
                return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;

            if (is_numeric($value) && ( intval($value) == $value ) && $value < 2147483648 && $value > -2147483648)
                return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;

            if (( is_numeric($value) && $value < 2147483648 && $value > -2147483648) || preg_match('/\d{4}\-\d\d\-\d\d/', $value) || preg_match('/\d{4}\-\d\d\-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d/', $value)
            ) {
                return self::C_DATATYPE_NUMERIC;
            }

            return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addColumn
         */
        public function addColumn($table, $column, $type) {
            $column = $this->check($column);
            $table = $this->check($table);
            $type = $this->typeno_sqltype[$type];

            $this->adapter->exec("ALTER TABLE `$table` ADD `$column` $type ");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::code
         */
        public function code($typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE) {
            $r = ( ( isset($this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription]) ) ? $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] : 99 );

            return $r;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::widenColumn
         */
        public function widenColumn($type, $column, $datatype) {
            $t = $this->getTable($type);

            $t['columns'][$column] = $this->typeno_sqltype[$datatype];

            $this->putTable($t);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getTables();
         */
        public function getTables() {
            return $this->adapter->getCol("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
			WHERE type='table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence';");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::createTable
         */
        public function createTable($table) {
            $table = $this->esc($table);

            $sql = "CREATE TABLE $table ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT ) ";

            $this->adapter->exec($sql);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
         */
        public function getColumns($table) {
            $table = $this->esc($table, TRUE);

            $columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get("PRAGMA table_info('$table')");

            $columns = array();
            foreach ($columnsRaw as $r)
                $columns[$r['name']] = $r['type'];

            return $columns;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
         */
        public function addUniqueConstraint($type, $properties) {
            $tableNoQ = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $name = 'UQ_' . $this->esc($type, TRUE) . implode('__', $properties);
            $t = $this->getTable($type);
            $t['indexes'][$name] = array('name' => $name);
            try {
                $this->putTable($t);
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                return FALSE;
            }
            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
         */
        public function sqlStateIn($state, $list) {
            $stateMap = array(
                'HY000' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
                '23000' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION
            );

            return in_array(( isset($stateMap[$state]) ? $stateMap[$state] : '0'), $list);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
         */
        public function addIndex($type, $name, $column) {
            $columns = $this->getColumns($type);
            if (!isset($columns[$column]))
                return FALSE;

            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $name = preg_replace('/\W/', '', $name);
            $column = $this->esc($column, TRUE);

            try {
                $t = $this->getTable($type);
                $t['indexes'][$name] = array('name' => $column);
                $this->putTable($t);
                return TRUE;
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::wipe
         */
        public function wipe($type) {
            $table = $this->esc($type);

            $this->adapter->exec("DELETE FROM $table ");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addFK
         */
        public function addFK($type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = FALSE) {
            return $this->buildFK($type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
         */
        public function wipeAll() {
            $this->adapter->exec('PRAGMA foreign_keys = 0 ');

            foreach ($this->getTables() as $t) {
                try {
                    $this->adapter->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$t`");
                } catch (SQLException $e) {

                }

                try {
                    $this->adapter->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `$t`");
                } catch (SQLException $e) {

                }
            }

            $this->adapter->exec('PRAGMA foreign_keys = 1 ');
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter {

    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;

    /**
     * RedBeanPHP PostgreSQL Query Writer.
     * This is a QueryWriter class for RedBeanPHP.
     * This QueryWriter provides support for the PostgreSQL database platform.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/QueryWriter/PostgreSQL.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class PostgreSQL extends AQueryWriter implements QueryWriter {

        /**
         * Data types
         */
        const C_DATATYPE_INTEGER = 0;
        const C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE = 1;
        const C_DATATYPE_TEXT = 3;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE = 80;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME = 81;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT = 90;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LSEG = 91;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_CIRCLE = 92;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY = 93;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON = 94;
        const C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED = 99;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $adapter;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $quoteCharacter = '"';

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        protected $defaultValue = 'DEFAULT';

        /**
         * Returns the insert suffix SQL Snippet
         *
         * @param string $table table
         *
         * @return  string $sql SQL Snippet
         */
        protected function getInsertSuffix($table) {
            return 'RETURNING id ';
        }

        /**
         * @see AQueryWriter::getKeyMapForType
         */
        protected function getKeyMapForType($type) {
            $table = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $keys = $this->adapter->get('
			SELECT
			information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name AS "name",
			information_schema.key_column_usage.column_name AS "from",
			information_schema.constraint_table_usage.table_name AS "table",
			information_schema.constraint_column_usage.column_name AS "to",
			information_schema.referential_constraints.update_rule AS "on_update",
			information_schema.referential_constraints.delete_rule AS "on_delete"
				FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
			INNER JOIN information_schema.constraint_table_usage
				ON (
					information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name = information_schema.constraint_table_usage.constraint_name
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema = information_schema.constraint_table_usage.constraint_schema
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_catalog = information_schema.constraint_table_usage.constraint_catalog
				)
			INNER JOIN information_schema.constraint_column_usage
				ON (
					information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name = information_schema.constraint_column_usage.constraint_name
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema = information_schema.constraint_column_usage.constraint_schema
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_catalog = information_schema.constraint_column_usage.constraint_catalog
				)
			INNER JOIN information_schema.referential_constraints
				ON (
					information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_name = information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_name
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_schema = information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_schema
					AND information_schema.key_column_usage.constraint_catalog = information_schema.referential_constraints.constraint_catalog
				)
			WHERE
				information_schema.key_column_usage.table_catalog = current_database()
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.table_schema = ANY( current_schemas( FALSE ) )
				AND information_schema.key_column_usage.table_name = ?
		', array($type));
            $keyInfoList = array();
            foreach ($keys as $k) {
                $label = $this->makeFKLabel($k['from'], $k['table'], $k['to']);
                $keyInfoList[$label] = array(
                    'name' => $k['name'],
                    'from' => $k['from'],
                    'table' => $k['table'],
                    'to' => $k['to'],
                    'on_update' => $k['on_update'],
                    'on_delete' => $k['on_delete']
                );
            }
            return $keyInfoList;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor
         *
         * @param Adapter $adapter Database Adapter
         */
        public function __construct(Adapter $adapter) {
            $this->typeno_sqltype = array(
                self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER => ' integer ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE => ' double precision ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT => ' text ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE => ' date ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME => ' timestamp without time zone ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT => ' point ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LSEG => ' lseg ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_CIRCLE => ' circle ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY => ' money ',
                self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON => ' polygon ',
            );

            $this->sqltype_typeno = array();

            foreach ($this->typeno_sqltype as $k => $v) {
                $this->sqltype_typeno[trim(strtolower($v))] = $k;
            }

            $this->adapter = $adapter;
        }

        /**
         * This method returns the datatype to be used for primary key IDS and
         * foreign keys. Returns one if the data type constants.
         *
         * @return integer $const data type to be used for IDS.
         */
        public function getTypeForID() {
            return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getTables
         */
        public function getTables() {
            return $this->adapter->getCol('SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = ANY( current_schemas( FALSE ) )');
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::createTable
         */
        public function createTable($table) {
            $table = $this->esc($table);

            $this->adapter->exec(" CREATE TABLE $table (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY); ");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::getColumns
         */
        public function getColumns($table) {
            $table = $this->esc($table, TRUE);

            $columnsRaw = $this->adapter->get("SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='$table'");

            $columns = array();
            foreach ($columnsRaw as $r) {
                $columns[$r['column_name']] = $r['data_type'];
            }

            return $columns;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::scanType
         */
        public function scanType($value, $flagSpecial = FALSE) {
            $this->svalue = $value;

            if ($value === INF)
                return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

            if ($flagSpecial && $value) {
                if (preg_match('/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATE;
                }

                if (preg_match('/^\d{4}\-\d\d-\d\d\s\d\d:\d\d:\d\d(\.\d{1,6})?$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_DATETIME;
                }

                if (preg_match('/^\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\)$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POINT;
                }

                if (preg_match('/^\[\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\),\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\)\]$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_LSEG;
                }

                if (preg_match('/^\<\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\),[\d\.]+\>$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_CIRCLE;
                }

                if (preg_match('/^\((\([\d\.]+,[\d\.]+\),?)+\)$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_POLYGON;
                }

                if (preg_match('/^\-?(\$|€|¥|£)[\d,\.]+$/', $value)) {
                    return PostgreSQL::C_DATATYPE_SPECIAL_MONEY;
                }
            }

            if (is_float($value))
                return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;

            if ($this->startsWithZeros($value))
                return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;

            if ($value === FALSE || $value === TRUE || $value === NULL || ( is_numeric($value) && AQueryWriter::canBeTreatedAsInt($value) && $value < 2147483648 && $value > -2147483648 )
            ) {
                return self::C_DATATYPE_INTEGER;
            } elseif (is_numeric($value)) {
                return self::C_DATATYPE_DOUBLE;
            } else {
                return self::C_DATATYPE_TEXT;
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::code
         */
        public function code($typedescription, $includeSpecials = FALSE) {
            $r = ( isset($this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription]) ) ? $this->sqltype_typeno[$typedescription] : 99;

            if ($includeSpecials)
                return $r;

            if ($r >= QueryWriter::C_DATATYPE_RANGE_SPECIAL) {
                return self::C_DATATYPE_SPECIFIED;
            }

            return $r;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::widenColumn
         */
        public function widenColumn($type, $column, $datatype) {
            $table = $type;
            $type = $datatype;

            $table = $this->esc($table);
            $column = $this->esc($column);

            $newtype = $this->typeno_sqltype[$type];

            $this->adapter->exec("ALTER TABLE $table \n\t ALTER COLUMN $column TYPE $newtype ");
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addUniqueIndex
         */
        public function addUniqueConstraint($type, $properties) {
            $tableNoQ = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $columns = array();
            foreach ($properties as $key => $column)
                $columns[$key] = $this->esc($column);
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            sort($columns); //else we get multiple indexes due to order-effects
            $name = "UQ_" . sha1($table . implode(',', $columns));
            $sql = "ALTER TABLE {$table}
                ADD CONSTRAINT $name UNIQUE (" . implode(',', $columns) . ")";
            try {
                $this->adapter->exec($sql);
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                return FALSE;
            }
            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::sqlStateIn
         */
        public function sqlStateIn($state, $list) {
            $stateMap = array(
                '42P01' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
                '42703' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
                '23505' => QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION
            );

            return in_array(( isset($stateMap[$state]) ? $stateMap[$state] : '0'), $list);
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addIndex
         */
        public function addIndex($type, $name, $property) {
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $name = preg_replace('/\W/', '', $name);
            $column = $this->esc($property);

            try {
                $this->adapter->exec("CREATE INDEX {$name} ON $table ({$column}) ");
                return TRUE;
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::addFK
         */
        public function addFK($type, $targetType, $property, $targetProperty, $isDep = FALSE) {
            $table = $this->esc($type);
            $targetTable = $this->esc($targetType);
            $field = $this->esc($property);
            $targetField = $this->esc($targetProperty);
            $tableNoQ = $this->esc($type, TRUE);
            $fieldNoQ = $this->esc($property, TRUE);
            if (!is_null($this->getForeignKeyForTypeProperty($tableNoQ, $fieldNoQ)))
                return FALSE;
            try {
                $delRule = ( $isDep ? 'CASCADE' : 'SET NULL' );
                $this->adapter->exec("ALTER TABLE {$table}
				ADD FOREIGN KEY ( {$field} ) REFERENCES  {$targetTable}
				({$targetField}) ON DELETE {$delRule} ON UPDATE {$delRule} DEFERRABLE ;");
                return TRUE;
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        /**
         * @see QueryWriter::wipeAll
         */
        public function wipeAll() {
            $this->adapter->exec('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED');

            foreach ($this->getTables() as $t) {
                $t = $this->esc($t);

                $this->adapter->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS $t CASCADE ");
            }

            $this->adapter->exec('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE');
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * RedBean\Exception Base.
     * Represents the base class for RedBeanPHP\Exceptions.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Exception.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class RedException extends \Exception {

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\RedException {

    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;

    /**
     * SQL Exception.
     * Represents a generic database exception independent of the underlying driver.
     *
     * @file       RedBeanPHP/RedException/SQL.php
     * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license    BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class SQL extends RedException {

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        private $sqlState;

        /**
         * Returns an ANSI-92 compliant SQL state.
         *
         * @return string $state ANSI state code
         */
        public function getSQLState() {
            return $this->sqlState;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the raw SQL STATE, possibly compliant with
         * ANSI SQL error codes - but this depends on database driver.
         *
         * @param string $sqlState SQL state error code
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setSQLState($sqlState) {
            $this->sqlState = $sqlState;
        }

        /**
         * To String prints both code and SQL state.
         *
         * @return string $message prints this exception instance as a string
         */
        public function __toString() {
            return '[' . $this->getSQLState() . '] - ' . $this->getMessage() . "\n" .
                    'trace: ' . $this->getTraceAsString();
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\FacadeBeanHelper as FacadeBeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel as SimpleModel;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
    use RedBeanPHP\Cursor as Cursor;
    use RedBeanPHP\Cursor\NullCursor as NullCursor;

    /**
     * Abstract Repository.
     *
     * OODB manages two repositories, a fluid one that
     * adjust the database schema on-the-fly to accomodate for
     * new bean types (tables) and new properties (columns) and
     * a frozen one for use in a production environment. OODB
     * allows you to swap the repository instances using the freeze()
     * method.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Repository.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    abstract class Repository {

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $stash = NULL;

        /*
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $nesting = 0;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $writer;

        /**
         * Stores a bean and its lists in one run.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function storeBeanWithLists(OODBBean $bean) {
            $sharedAdditions = $sharedTrashcan = $sharedresidue = $sharedItems = $ownAdditions = $ownTrashcan = $ownresidue = $embeddedBeans = array(); //Define groups
            foreach ($bean as $property => $value) {
                $value = ( $value instanceof SimpleModel ) ? $value->unbox() : $value;
                if ($value instanceof OODBBean) {
                    $this->processEmbeddedBean($embeddedBeans, $bean, $property, $value);
                    $bean->setMeta("sys.typeof.{$property}", $value->getMeta('type'));
                } elseif (is_array($value)) {
                    $originals = $bean->moveMeta('sys.shadow.' . $property, array());
                    if (strpos($property, 'own') === 0) {
                        list( $ownAdditions, $ownTrashcan, $ownresidue ) = $this->processGroups($originals, $value, $ownAdditions, $ownTrashcan, $ownresidue);
                        $listName = lcfirst(substr($property, 3));
                        if ($bean->moveMeta('sys.exclusive-' . $listName)) {
                            OODBBean::setMetaAll($ownTrashcan, 'sys.garbage', TRUE);
                            OODBBean::setMetaAll($ownAdditions, 'sys.buildcommand.fkdependson', $bean->getMeta('type'));
                        }
                        unset($bean->$property);
                    } elseif (strpos($property, 'shared') === 0) {
                        list( $sharedAdditions, $sharedTrashcan, $sharedresidue ) = $this->processGroups($originals, $value, $sharedAdditions, $sharedTrashcan, $sharedresidue);
                        unset($bean->$property);
                    }
                }
            }
            $this->storeBean($bean);
            $this->processTrashcan($bean, $ownTrashcan);
            $this->processAdditions($bean, $ownAdditions);
            $this->processResidue($ownresidue);
            $this->processSharedTrashcan($bean, $sharedTrashcan);
            $this->processSharedAdditions($bean, $sharedAdditions);
            $this->processSharedResidue($bean, $sharedresidue);
        }

        /**
         * Process groups. Internal function. Processes different kind of groups for
         * storage function. Given a list of original beans and a list of current beans,
         * this function calculates which beans remain in the list (residue), which
         * have been deleted (are in the trashcan) and which beans have been added
         * (additions).
         *
         * @param  array $originals originals
         * @param  array $current   the current beans
         * @param  array $additions beans that have been added
         * @param  array $trashcan  beans that have been deleted
         * @param  array $residue   beans that have been left untouched
         *
         * @return array
         */
        protected function processGroups($originals, $current, $additions, $trashcan, $residue) {
            return array(
                array_merge($additions, array_diff($current, $originals)),
                array_merge($trashcan, array_diff($originals, $current)),
                array_merge($residue, array_intersect($current, $originals))
            );
        }

        /**
         * Processes an embedded bean.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $embeddedBean the bean or model
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        protected function prepareEmbeddedBean($embeddedBean) {
            if (!$embeddedBean->id || $embeddedBean->getMeta('tainted')) {
                $this->store($embeddedBean);
            }

            return $embeddedBean->id;
        }

        /**
         * Processes a list of beans from a bean. A bean may contain lists. This
         * method handles shared addition lists; i.e. the $bean->sharedObject properties.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean             the bean
         * @param array            $sharedAdditions  list with shared additions
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        protected function processSharedAdditions($bean, $sharedAdditions) {
            foreach ($sharedAdditions as $addition) {
                if ($addition instanceof OODBBean) {
                    $this->oodb->getAssociationManager()->associate($addition, $bean);
                } else {
                    throw new RedException('Array may only contain OODBBeans');
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Processes a list of beans from a bean. A bean may contain lists. This
         * method handles own lists; i.e. the $bean->ownObject properties.
         * A residue is a bean in an own-list that stays where it is. This method
         * checks if there have been any modification to this bean, in that case
         * the bean is stored once again, otherwise the bean will be left untouched.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean       the bean
         * @param array            $ownresidue list
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function processResidue($ownresidue) {
            foreach ($ownresidue as $residue) {
                if ($residue->getMeta('tainted')) {
                    $this->store($residue);
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Processes a list of beans from a bean. A bean may contain lists. This
         * method handles own lists; i.e. the $bean->ownObject properties.
         * A trash can bean is a bean in an own-list that has been removed
         * (when checked with the shadow). This method
         * checks if the bean is also in the dependency list. If it is the bean will be removed.
         * If not, the connection between the bean and the owner bean will be broken by
         * setting the ID to NULL.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean        the bean
         * @param array            $ownTrashcan list
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function processTrashcan($bean, $ownTrashcan) {

            foreach ($ownTrashcan as $trash) {

                $myFieldLink = $bean->getMeta('type') . '_id';
                $alias = $bean->getMeta('sys.alias.' . $trash->getMeta('type'));
                if ($alias)
                    $myFieldLink = $alias . '_id';

                if ($trash->getMeta('sys.garbage') === true) {
                    $this->trash($trash);
                } else {
                    $trash->$myFieldLink = NULL;
                    $this->store($trash);
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Unassociates the list items in the trashcan.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean           bean
         * @param array            $sharedTrashcan list
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function processSharedTrashcan($bean, $sharedTrashcan) {
            foreach ($sharedTrashcan as $trash) {
                $this->oodb->getAssociationManager()->unassociate($trash, $bean);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Stores all the beans in the residue group.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean          bean
         * @param array            $sharedresidue list
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function processSharedResidue($bean, $sharedresidue) {
            foreach ($sharedresidue as $residue) {
                $this->store($residue);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Determines whether the bean has 'loaded lists' or
         * 'loaded embedded beans' that need to be processed
         * by the store() method.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean bean to be examined
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        protected function hasListsOrObjects(OODBBean $bean) {
            $processLists = FALSE;
            foreach ($bean as $value) {
                if (is_array($value) || is_object($value)) {
                    $processLists = TRUE;
                    break;
                }
            }

            return $processLists;
        }

        /**
         * Converts an embedded bean to an ID, removed the bean property and
         * stores the bean in the embedded beans array.
         *
         * @param array            $embeddedBeans destination array for embedded bean
         * @param OODBBean $bean          target bean
         * @param string           $property      property that contains the embedded bean
         * @param OODBBean $value         embedded bean itself
         */
        protected function processEmbeddedBean(&$embeddedBeans, $bean, $property, OODBBean $value) {
            $linkField = $property . '_id';
            $id = $this->prepareEmbeddedBean($value);
            if ($bean->$linkField != $id)
                $bean->$linkField = $id;
            $bean->setMeta('cast.' . $linkField, 'id');
            $embeddedBeans[$linkField] = $value;
            unset($bean->$property);
        }

        /**
         * Constructor, requires a query writer.
         *
         * @param QueryWriter $writer writer
         */
        public function __construct(OODB $oodb, QueryWriter $writer) {
            $this->writer = $writer;
            $this->oodb = $oodb;
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether a OODBBean bean is valid.
         * If the type is not valid or the ID is not valid it will
         * throw an exception: Security.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean the bean that needs to be checked
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security $exception
         */
        public function check(OODBBean $bean) {
            //Is all meta information present?
            if (!isset($bean->id)) {
                throw new RedException('Bean has incomplete Meta Information id ');
            }
            if (!( $bean->getMeta('type') )) {
                throw new RedException('Bean has incomplete Meta Information II');
            }
            //Pattern of allowed characters
            $pattern = '/[^a-z0-9_]/i';
            //Does the type contain invalid characters?
            if (preg_match($pattern, $bean->getMeta('type'))) {
                throw new RedException('Bean Type is invalid');
            }
            //Are the properties and values valid?
            foreach ($bean as $prop => $value) {
                if (
                        is_array($value) || ( is_object($value) )
                ) {
                    throw new RedException("Invalid Bean value: property $prop");
                } else if (
                        strlen($prop) < 1 || preg_match($pattern, $prop)
                ) {
                    throw new RedException("Invalid Bean property: property $prop");
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Searches the database for a bean that matches conditions $conditions and sql $addSQL
         * and returns an array containing all the beans that have been found.
         *
         * Conditions need to take form:
         *
         * array(
         *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... 'John', 'Steve' )
         *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... )
         * );
         *
         * All conditions are glued together using the AND-operator, while all value lists
         * are glued using IN-operators thus acting as OR-conditions.
         *
         * Note that you can use property names; the columns will be extracted using the
         * appropriate bean formatter.
         *
         * @param string $type       type of beans you are looking for
         * @param array  $conditions list of conditions
         * @param string $addSQL     SQL to be used in query
         * @param array  $bindings   whether you prefer to use a WHERE clause or not (TRUE = not)
         *
         * @return array
         *
         */
        public function find($type, $conditions = array(), $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            //for backward compatibility, allow mismatch arguments:
            if (is_array($sql)) {
                if (isset($sql[1])) {
                    $bindings = $sql[1];
                }
                $sql = $sql[0];
            }
            try {
                $beans = $this->convertToBeans($type, $this->writer->queryRecord($type, $conditions, $sql, $bindings));

                return $beans;
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                $this->handleException($exception);
            }

            return array();
        }

        /**
         * Finds a BeanCollection.
         *
         * @param string $type     type of beans you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      SQL to be used in query
         * @param array  $bindings whether you prefer to use a WHERE clause or not (TRUE = not)
         *
         * @return BeanCollection
         */
        public function findCollection($type, $sql, $bindings = array()) {
            try {
                $cursor = $this->writer->queryRecordWithCursor($type, $sql, $bindings);
                return new BeanCollection($type, $this, $cursor);
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                $this->handleException($exception);
            }
            return new BeanCollection($type, $this, new NullCursor);
        }

        /**
         * Stores a bean in the database. This method takes a
         * OODBBean Bean Object $bean and stores it
         * in the database. If the database schema is not compatible
         * with this bean and RedBean runs in fluid mode the schema
         * will be altered to store the bean correctly.
         * If the database schema is not compatible with this bean and
         * RedBean runs in frozen mode it will throw an exception.
         * This function returns the primary key ID of the inserted
         * bean.
         *
         * The return value is an integer if possible. If it is not possible to
         * represent the value as an integer a string will be returned. We use
         * explicit casts instead of functions to preserve performance
         * (0.13 vs 0.28 for 10000 iterations on Core i3).
         *
         * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean to store
         *
         * @return integer|string
         */
        public function store($bean) {
            $processLists = $this->hasListsOrObjects($bean);
            if (!$processLists && !$bean->getMeta('tainted')) {
                return $bean->getID(); //bail out!
            }
            $this->oodb->signal('update', $bean);
            $processLists = $this->hasListsOrObjects($bean); //check again, might have changed by model!
            if ($processLists) {
                $this->storeBeanWithLists($bean);
            } else {
                $this->storeBean($bean);
            }
            $this->oodb->signal('after_update', $bean);

            return ( (string) $bean->id === (string) (int) $bean->id ) ? (int) $bean->id : (string) $bean->id;
        }

        /**
         * Returns an array of beans. Pass a type and a series of ids and
         * this method will bring you the corresponding beans.
         *
         * important note: Because this method loads beans using the load()
         * function (but faster) it will return empty beans with ID 0 for
         * every bean that could not be located. The resulting beans will have the
         * passed IDs as their keys.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans
         * @param array  $ids  ids to load
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function batch($type, $ids) {
            if (!$ids) {
                return array();
            }
            $collection = array();
            try {
                $rows = $this->writer->queryRecord($type, array('id' => $ids));
            } catch (SQLException $e) {
                $this->handleException($e);
                $rows = FALSE;
            }
            $this->stash[$this->nesting] = array();
            if (!$rows) {
                return array();
            }
            foreach ($rows as $row) {
                $this->stash[$this->nesting][$row['id']] = $row;
            }
            foreach ($ids as $id) {
                $collection[$id] = $this->load($type, $id);
            }
            $this->stash[$this->nesting] = NULL;

            return $collection;
        }

        /**
         * This is a convenience method; it converts database rows
         * (arrays) into beans. Given a type and a set of rows this method
         * will return an array of beans of the specified type loaded with
         * the data fields provided by the result set from the database.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans you would like to have
         * @param array  $rows rows from the database result
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function convertToBeans($type, $rows) {
            $collection = array();
            $this->stash[$this->nesting] = array();
            foreach ($rows as $row) {
                $id = $row['id'];
                $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id] = $row;
                $collection[$id] = $this->load($type, $id);
            }
            $this->stash[$this->nesting] = NULL;

            return $collection;
        }

        /**
         * Counts the number of beans of type $type.
         * This method accepts a second argument to modify the count-query.
         * A third argument can be used to provide bindings for the SQL snippet.
         *
         * @param string $type     type of bean we are looking for
         * @param string $addSQL   additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
         *
         * @return integer
         *
         * @throws SQLException
         */
        public function count($type, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $type = AQueryWriter::camelsSnake($type);
            if (count(explode('_', $type)) > 2) {
                throw new RedException('Invalid type for count.');
            }

            try {
                return (int) $this->writer->queryRecordCount($type, array(), $addSQL, $bindings);
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                if (!$this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(
                            QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
                            QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN))) {
                    throw $exception;
                }
            }

            return 0;
        }

        /**
         * Removes a bean from the database.
         * This function will remove the specified OODBBean
         * Bean Object from the database.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean you want to remove from database
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws SQLException
         */
        public function trash($bean) {
            $this->oodb->signal('delete', $bean);
            foreach ($bean as $property => $value) {
                if ($value instanceof OODBBean) {
                    unset($bean->$property);
                }
                if (is_array($value)) {
                    if (strpos($property, 'own') === 0) {
                        unset($bean->$property);
                    } elseif (strpos($property, 'shared') === 0) {
                        unset($bean->$property);
                    }
                }
            }
            try {
                $this->writer->deleteRecord($bean->getMeta('type'), array('id' => array($bean->id)), NULL);
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                $this->handleException($exception);
            }
            $bean->id = 0;
            $this->oodb->signal('after_delete', $bean);
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether the specified table already exists in the database.
         * Not part of the Object Database interface!
         *
         * @deprecated Use AQueryWriter::typeExists() instead.
         *
         * @param string $table table name
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function tableExists($table) {
            return $this->writer->tableExists($table);
        }

        /**
         * Trash all beans of a given type. Wipes an entire type of bean.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean you wish to delete all instances of
         *
         * @return boolean
         *
         * @throws SQLException
         */
        public function wipe($type) {
            try {
                $this->writer->wipe($type);

                return TRUE;
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                if (!$this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE))) {
                    throw $exception;
                }

                return FALSE;
            }
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Repository {

    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\FacadeBeanHelper as FacadeBeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel as SimpleModel;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;

    /**
     * Fluid Repository.
     * OODB manages two repositories, a fluid one that
     * adjust the database schema on-the-fly to accomodate for
     * new bean types (tables) and new properties (columns) and
     * a frozen one for use in a production environment. OODB
     * allows you to swap the repository instances using the freeze()
     * method.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Repository/Fluid.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class Fluid extends Repository {

        /**
         * Figures out the desired type given the cast string ID.
         *
         * @param string $cast cast identifier
         *
         * @return integer
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        private function getTypeFromCast($cast) {
            if ($cast == 'string') {
                $typeno = $this->writer->scanType('STRING');
            } elseif ($cast == 'id') {
                $typeno = $this->writer->getTypeForID();
            } elseif (isset($this->writer->sqltype_typeno[$cast])) {
                $typeno = $this->writer->sqltype_typeno[$cast];
            } else {
                throw new RedException('Invalid Cast');
            }

            return $typeno;
        }

        /**
         * Orders the Query Writer to create a table if it does not exist already and
         * adds a note in the build report about the creation.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean  bean to update report of
         * @param string           $table table to check and create if not exists
         *
         * @return void
         */
        private function createTableIfNotExists(OODBBean $bean, $table) {
            //Does table exist? If not, create
            if (!$this->tableExists($this->writer->esc($table, TRUE))) {
                $this->writer->createTable($table);
                $bean->setMeta('buildreport.flags.created', TRUE);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Modifies the table to fit the bean data.
         * Given a property and a value and the bean, this method will
         * adjust the table structure to fit the requirements of the property and value.
         * This may include adding a new column or widening an existing column to hold a larger
         * or different kind of value. This method employs the writer to adjust the table
         * structure in the database. Schema updates are recorded in meta properties of the bean.
         *
         * This method will also apply indexes, unique constraints and foreign keys.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean     bean to get cast data from and store meta in
         * @param string   $property property to store
         * @param mixed    $value    value to store
         *
         * @return void
         */
        private function modifySchema(OODBBean $bean, $property, $value) {
            $doFKStuff = FALSE;
            $table = $bean->getMeta('type');
            $columns = $this->writer->getColumns($table);
            $columnNoQ = $this->writer->esc($property, TRUE);
            if (!$this->oodb->isChilled($bean->getMeta('type'))) {
                if ($bean->getMeta("cast.$property", -1) !== -1) { //check for explicitly specified types
                    $cast = $bean->getMeta("cast.$property");
                    $typeno = $this->getTypeFromCast($cast);
                } else {
                    $cast = FALSE;
                    $typeno = $this->writer->scanType($value, TRUE);
                }
                if (isset($columns[$this->writer->esc($property, TRUE)])) { //Is this property represented in the table ?
                    if (!$cast) { //rescan without taking into account special types >80
                        $typeno = $this->writer->scanType($value, FALSE);
                    }
                    $sqlt = $this->writer->code($columns[$this->writer->esc($property, TRUE)]);
                    if ($typeno > $sqlt) { //no, we have to widen the database column type
                        $this->writer->widenColumn($table, $property, $typeno);
                        $bean->setMeta('buildreport.flags.widen', TRUE);
                        $doFKStuff = TRUE;
                    }
                } else {
                    $this->writer->addColumn($table, $property, $typeno);
                    $bean->setMeta('buildreport.flags.addcolumn', TRUE);
                    $doFKStuff = TRUE;
                }
                if ($doFKStuff) {
                    if (strrpos($columnNoQ, '_id') === (strlen($columnNoQ) - 3)) {
                        $destinationColumnNoQ = substr($columnNoQ, 0, strlen($columnNoQ) - 3);
                        $indexName = "index_foreignkey_{$table}_{$destinationColumnNoQ}";
                        $this->writer->addIndex($table, $indexName, $columnNoQ);
                        $typeof = $bean->getMeta("sys.typeof.{$destinationColumnNoQ}", $destinationColumnNoQ);
                        $isLink = $bean->getMeta('sys.buildcommand.unique', FALSE);
                        //Make FK CASCADING if part of exclusive list (dependson=typeof) or if link bean
                        $isDep = ( $bean->moveMeta('sys.buildcommand.fkdependson') === $typeof || is_array($isLink) );
                        $result = $this->writer->addFK($table, $typeof, $columnNoQ, 'id', $isDep);
                        //If this is a link bean and all unique columns have been added already, then apply unique constraint
                        if (is_array($isLink) && !count(array_diff($isLink, array_keys($this->writer->getColumns($table))))) {
                            $this->writer->addUniqueConstraint($table, $bean->moveMeta('sys.buildcommand.unique'));
                            $bean->setMeta("sys.typeof.{$destinationColumnNoQ}", NULL);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Part of the store() functionality.
         * Handles all new additions after the bean has been saved.
         * Stores addition bean in own-list, extracts the id and
         * adds a foreign key. Also adds a constraint in case the type is
         * in the dependent list.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean         bean
         * @param array            $ownAdditions list of addition beans in own-list
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        protected function processAdditions($bean, $ownAdditions) {
            $beanType = $bean->getMeta('type');

            foreach ($ownAdditions as $addition) {
                if ($addition instanceof OODBBean) {

                    $myFieldLink = $beanType . '_id';
                    $alias = $bean->getMeta('sys.alias.' . $addition->getMeta('type'));
                    if ($alias)
                        $myFieldLink = $alias . '_id';

                    $addition->$myFieldLink = $bean->id;
                    $addition->setMeta('cast.' . $myFieldLink, 'id');

                    if ($alias) {
                        $addition->setMeta("sys.typeof.{$alias}", $beanType);
                    } else {
                        $addition->setMeta("sys.typeof.{$beanType}", $beanType);
                    }

                    $this->store($addition);
                } else {
                    throw new RedException('Array may only contain OODBBeans');
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Stores a cleaned bean; i.e. only scalar values. This is the core of the store()
         * method. When all lists and embedded beans (parent objects) have been processed and
         * removed from the original bean the bean is passed to this method to be stored
         * in the database.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean the clean bean
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function storeBean(OODBBean $bean) {
            if ($bean->getMeta('changed')) {
                $this->check($bean);
                $table = $bean->getMeta('type');
                $this->createTableIfNotExists($bean, $table);

                $updateValues = array();
                foreach ($bean as $property => $value) {
                    if ($property !== 'id') {
                        $this->modifySchema($bean, $property, $value);
                    }
                    if ($property !== 'id') {
                        $updateValues[] = array('property' => $property, 'value' => $value);
                    }
                }

                $bean->id = $this->writer->updateRecord($table, $updateValues, $bean->id);
                $bean->setMeta('changed', FALSE);
            }
            $bean->setMeta('tainted', FALSE);
        }

        /**
         * Handles\Exceptions. Suppresses exceptions caused by missing structures.
         *
         * @param\Exception $exception exception
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws\Exception
         */
        protected function handleException(\Exception $exception) {
            if (!$this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(
                        QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
                        QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN))
            ) {
                throw $exception;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Dispenses a new bean (a OODBBean Bean Object)
         * of the specified type. Always
         * use this function to get an empty bean object. Never
         * instantiate a OODBBean yourself because it needs
         * to be configured before you can use it with RedBean. This
         * function applies the appropriate initialization /
         * configuration for you.
         *
         * @param string  $type              type of bean you want to dispense
         * @param string  $number            number of beans you would like to get
         * @param boolean $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function dispense($type, $number = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE) {
            $OODBBEAN = defined('REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS') ? REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS : '\RedBeanPHP\OODBBean';
            $beans = array();
            for ($i = 0; $i < $number; $i++) {
                $bean = new $OODBBEAN;
                $bean->initializeForDispense($type, $this->oodb->getBeanHelper());
                $this->check($bean);
                $this->oodb->signal('dispense', $bean);
                $beans[] = $bean;
            }

            return ( count($beans) === 1 && !$alwaysReturnArray ) ? array_pop($beans) : $beans;
        }

        /**
         * Loads a bean from the object database.
         * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
         * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
         * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
         * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
         * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
         * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
         * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
         * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
         * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
         * same as dispense().
         *
         * Important note:
         * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
         * the specified type will be generated and returned.
         *
         * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
         * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
         *
         * @throws SQL
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         *
         */
        public function load($type, $id) {
            $bean = $this->dispense($type);
            if (isset($this->stash[$this->nesting][$id])) {
                $row = $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id];
            } else {
                try {
                    $rows = $this->writer->queryRecord($type, array('id' => array($id)));
                } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                    if ($this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(
                                QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
                                QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE)
                            )
                    ) {
                        $rows = 0;
                    }
                }
                if (empty($rows)) {
                    return $bean;
                }
                $row = array_pop($rows);
            }
            $bean->importRow($row);
            $this->nesting++;
            $this->oodb->signal('open', $bean);
            $this->nesting--;

            return $bean->setMeta('tainted', FALSE);
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\Repository {

    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\FacadeBeanHelper as FacadeBeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel as SimpleModel;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;

    /**
     * Frozen Repository.
     * OODB manages two repositories, a fluid one that
     * adjust the database schema on-the-fly to accomodate for
     * new bean types (tables) and new properties (columns) and
     * a frozen one for use in a production environment. OODB
     * allows you to swap the repository instances using the freeze()
     * method.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Repository/Frozen.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class Frozen extends Repository {

        /**
         * Handles\Exceptions. Suppresses exceptions caused by missing structures.
         *
         * @param \Exception $exception exception
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws \Exception
         */
        protected function handleException(\Exception $exception) {
            throw $exception;
        }

        /**
         * Stores a cleaned bean; i.e. only scalar values. This is the core of the store()
         * method. When all lists and embedded beans (parent objects) have been processed and
         * removed from the original bean the bean is passed to this method to be stored
         * in the database.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean the clean bean
         *
         * @return void
         */
        protected function storeBean(OODBBean $bean) {
            if ($bean->getMeta('changed')) {

                list( $properties, $table ) = $bean->getPropertiesAndType();
                $id = $properties['id'];
                unset($properties['id']);
                $updateValues = array();
                $k1 = 'property';
                $k2 = 'value';
                foreach ($properties as $key => $value) {
                    $updateValues[] = array($k1 => $key, $k2 => $value);
                }
                $bean->id = $this->writer->updateRecord($table, $updateValues, $id);
                $bean->setMeta('changed', FALSE);
            }
            $bean->setMeta('tainted', FALSE);
        }

        /**
         * Part of the store() functionality.
         * Handles all new additions after the bean has been saved.
         * Stores addition bean in own-list, extracts the id and
         * adds a foreign key. Also adds a constraint in case the type is
         * in the dependent list.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean         bean
         * @param array            $ownAdditions list of addition beans in own-list
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        protected function processAdditions($bean, $ownAdditions) {
            $beanType = $bean->getMeta('type');

            $cachedIndex = array();
            foreach ($ownAdditions as $addition) {
                if ($addition instanceof OODBBean) {

                    $myFieldLink = $beanType . '_id';
                    $alias = $bean->getMeta('sys.alias.' . $addition->getMeta('type'));
                    if ($alias)
                        $myFieldLink = $alias . '_id';

                    $addition->$myFieldLink = $bean->id;
                    $addition->setMeta('cast.' . $myFieldLink, 'id');
                    $this->store($addition);
                } else {
                    throw new RedException('Array may only contain OODBBeans');
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Dispenses a new bean (a OODBBean Bean Object)
         * of the specified type. Always
         * use this function to get an empty bean object. Never
         * instantiate a OODBBean yourself because it needs
         * to be configured before you can use it with RedBean. This
         * function applies the appropriate initialization /
         * configuration for you.
         *
         * @param string  $type              type of bean you want to dispense
         * @param string  $number            number of beans you would like to get
         * @param boolean $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function dispense($type, $number = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE) {
            $OODBBEAN = defined('REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS') ? REDBEAN_OODBBEAN_CLASS : '\RedBeanPHP\OODBBean';
            $beans = array();
            for ($i = 0; $i < $number; $i++) {
                $bean = new $OODBBEAN;
                $bean->initializeForDispense($type, $this->oodb->getBeanHelper());
                $this->oodb->signal('dispense', $bean);
                $beans[] = $bean;
            }

            return ( count($beans) === 1 && !$alwaysReturnArray ) ? array_pop($beans) : $beans;
        }

        /**
         * Loads a bean from the object database.
         * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
         * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
         * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
         * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
         * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
         * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
         * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
         * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
         * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
         * same as dispense().
         *
         * Important note:
         * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
         * the specified type will be generated and returned.
         *
         * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
         * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
         *
         * @throws SQL
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         *
         */
        public function load($type, $id) {
            $bean = $this->dispense($type);
            if (isset($this->stash[$this->nesting][$id])) {
                $row = $this->stash[$this->nesting][$id];
            } else {
                try {
                    $rows = $this->writer->queryRecord($type, array('id' => array($id)));
                } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                    if ($this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(
                                QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
                                QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE)
                            )
                    ) {
                        throw $exception; //only throw if frozen
                    }
                }
                if (empty($rows)) {
                    return $bean;
                }
                $row = array_pop($rows);
            }
            $bean->importRow($row);
            $this->nesting++;
            $this->oodb->signal('open', $bean);
            $this->nesting--;

            return $bean->setMeta('tainted', FALSE);
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\FacadeBeanHelper as FacadeBeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\AssociationManager as AssociationManager;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel as SimpleModel;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQL;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Repository as Repository;
    use RedBeanPHP\Repository\Fluid as FluidRepo;
    use RedBeanPHP\Repository\Frozen as FrozenRepo;

    /**
     * RedBean Object Oriented DataBase.
     *
     * The RedBean OODB Class is the main class of RedBeanPHP.
     * It takes OODBBean objects and stores them to and loads them from the
     * database as well as providing other CRUD functions. This class acts as a
     * object database.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/OODB.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class OODB extends Observable {

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        private static $sqlFilters = array();

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $chillList = array();

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $stash = NULL;

        /*
         * @var integer
         */
        protected $nesting = 0;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $writer;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected $isFrozen = FALSE;

        /**
         * @var FacadeBeanHelper
         */
        protected $beanhelper = NULL;

        /**
         * @var AssociationManager
         */
        protected $assocManager = NULL;

        /**
         * @var Repository
         */
        protected $repository = NULL;

        /**
         * @var FrozenRepo
         */
        protected $frozenRepository = NULL;

        /**
         * @var FluidRepo
         */
        protected $fluidRepository = NULL;

        /**
         * @var boolean
         */
        protected static $autoClearHistoryAfterStore = FALSE;

        /**
         * If set to TRUE, this method will call clearHistory every time
         * the bean gets stored.
         *
         * @param boolean $autoClear auto clear option
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function autoClearHistoryAfterStore($autoClear = TRUE) {
            self::$autoClearHistoryAfterStore = (boolean) $autoClear;
        }

        /**
         * Unboxes a bean from a FUSE model if needed and checks whether the bean is
         * an instance of OODBBean.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean bean you wish to unbox
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        protected function unboxIfNeeded($bean) {
            if ($bean instanceof SimpleModel) {
                $bean = $bean->unbox();
            }
            if (!( $bean instanceof OODBBean )) {
                throw new RedException('OODB Store requires a bean, got: ' . gettype($bean));
            }

            return $bean;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor, requires a query writer.
         *
         * @param QueryWriter   $writer writer
         * @param array|boolean $frozen mode of operation: TRUE (frozen), FALSE (default, fluid) or ARRAY (chilled)
         */
        public function __construct(QueryWriter $writer, $frozen = FALSE) {
            if ($writer instanceof QueryWriter) {
                $this->writer = $writer;
            }

            $this->freeze($frozen);
        }

        /**
         * Toggles fluid or frozen mode. In fluid mode the database
         * structure is adjusted to accomodate your objects. In frozen mode
         * this is not the case.
         *
         * You can also pass an array containing a selection of frozen types.
         * Let's call this chilly mode, it's just like fluid mode except that
         * certain types (i.e. tables) aren't touched.
         *
         * @param boolean|array $toggle TRUE if you want to use OODB instance in frozen mode
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function freeze($toggle) {
            if (is_array($toggle)) {
                $this->chillList = $toggle;
                $this->isFrozen = FALSE;
            } else {
                $this->isFrozen = (boolean) $toggle;
            }

            if ($this->isFrozen) {
                if (!$this->frozenRepository) {
                    $this->frozenRepository = new FrozenRepo($this, $this->writer);
                }

                $this->repository = $this->frozenRepository;
            } else {
                if (!$this->fluidRepository) {
                    $this->fluidRepository = new FluidRepo($this, $this->writer);
                }

                $this->repository = $this->fluidRepository;
            }

            if (count(self::$sqlFilters)) {
                AQueryWriter::setSQLFilters(self::$sqlFilters, (!$this->isFrozen));
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the current mode of operation of RedBean.
         * In fluid mode the database
         * structure is adjusted to accomodate your objects.
         * In frozen mode
         * this is not the case.
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function isFrozen() {
            return (bool) $this->isFrozen;
        }

        /**
         * Determines whether a type is in the chill list.
         * If a type is 'chilled' it's frozen, so its schema cannot be
         * changed anymore. However other bean types may still be modified.
         * This method is a convenience method for other objects to check if
         * the schema of a certain type is locked for modification.
         *
         * @param string $type the type you wish to check
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function isChilled($type) {
            return (boolean) ( in_array($type, $this->chillList) );
        }

        /**
         * Dispenses a new bean (a OODBBean Bean Object)
         * of the specified type. Always
         * use this function to get an empty bean object. Never
         * instantiate a OODBBean yourself because it needs
         * to be configured before you can use it with RedBean. This
         * function applies the appropriate initialization /
         * configuration for you.
         *
         * @param string  $type              type of bean you want to dispense
         * @param string  $number            number of beans you would like to get
         * @param boolean $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function dispense($type, $number = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE) {
            if ($number < 1) {
                if ($alwaysReturnArray)
                    return array();
                return NULL;
            }

            return $this->repository->dispense($type, $number, $alwaysReturnArray);
        }

        /**
         * Sets bean helper to be given to beans.
         * Bean helpers assist beans in getting a reference to a toolbox.
         *
         * @param BeanHelper $beanhelper helper
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setBeanHelper(BeanHelper $beanhelper) {
            $this->beanhelper = $beanhelper;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the current bean helper.
         * Bean helpers assist beans in getting a reference to a toolbox.
         *
         * @return BeanHelper
         */
        public function getBeanHelper() {
            return $this->beanhelper;
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether a OODBBean bean is valid.
         * If the type is not valid or the ID is not valid it will
         * throw an exception: Security.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean the bean that needs to be checked
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security $exception
         */
        public function check(OODBBean $bean) {
            $this->repository->check($bean);
        }

        /**
         * Searches the database for a bean that matches conditions $conditions and sql $addSQL
         * and returns an array containing all the beans that have been found.
         *
         * Conditions need to take form:
         *
         * array(
         *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... 'John', 'Steve' )
         *    'PROPERTY' => array( POSSIBLE VALUES... )
         * );
         *
         * All conditions are glued together using the AND-operator, while all value lists
         * are glued using IN-operators thus acting as OR-conditions.
         *
         * Note that you can use property names; the columns will be extracted using the
         * appropriate bean formatter.
         *
         * @param string $type       type of beans you are looking for
         * @param array  $conditions list of conditions
         * @param string $addSQL     SQL to be used in query
         * @param array  $bindings   whether you prefer to use a WHERE clause or not (TRUE = not)
         *
         * @return array
         *
         * @throws SQL
         */
        public function find($type, $conditions = array(), $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return $this->repository->find($type, $conditions, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Same as find() but returns a BeanCollection.
         *
         * @param string $type       type of beans you are looking for
         * @param string $addSQL     SQL to be used in query
         * @param array  $bindings   whether you prefer to use a WHERE clause or not (TRUE = not)
         *
         * @return array
         *
         * @throws SQL
         */
        public function findCollection($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return $this->repository->findCollection($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Checks whether the specified table already exists in the database.
         * Not part of the Object Database interface!
         *
         * @deprecated Use AQueryWriter::typeExists() instead.
         *
         * @param string $table table name
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function tableExists($table) {
            return $this->repository->tableExists($table);
        }

        /**
         * Stores a bean in the database. This method takes a
         * OODBBean Bean Object $bean and stores it
         * in the database. If the database schema is not compatible
         * with this bean and RedBean runs in fluid mode the schema
         * will be altered to store the bean correctly.
         * If the database schema is not compatible with this bean and
         * RedBean runs in frozen mode it will throw an exception.
         * This function returns the primary key ID of the inserted
         * bean.
         *
         * The return value is an integer if possible. If it is not possible to
         * represent the value as an integer a string will be returned. We use
         * explicit casts instead of functions to preserve performance
         * (0.13 vs 0.28 for 10000 iterations on Core i3).
         *
         * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean to store
         *
         * @return integer|string
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public function store($bean) {
            $bean = $this->unboxIfNeeded($bean);
            $id = $this->repository->store($bean);
            if (self::$autoClearHistoryAfterStore) {
                $bean->clearHistory();
            }
            return $id;
        }

        /**
         * Loads a bean from the object database.
         * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
         * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
         * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
         * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
         * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
         * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
         * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
         * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
         * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
         * same as dispense().
         *
         * Important note:
         * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
         * the specified type will be generated and returned.
         *
         * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
         * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
         *
         * @throws SQL
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         *
         */
        public function load($type, $id) {
            return $this->repository->load($type, $id);
        }

        /**
         * Removes a bean from the database.
         * This function will remove the specified OODBBean
         * Bean Object from the database.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean you want to remove from database
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public function trash($bean) {
            $bean = $this->unboxIfNeeded($bean);
            return $this->repository->trash($bean);
        }

        /**
         * Returns an array of beans. Pass a type and a series of ids and
         * this method will bring you the corresponding beans.
         *
         * important note: Because this method loads beans using the load()
         * function (but faster) it will return empty beans with ID 0 for
         * every bean that could not be located. The resulting beans will have the
         * passed IDs as their keys.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans
         * @param array  $ids  ids to load
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function batch($type, $ids) {
            return $this->repository->batch($type, $ids);
        }

        /**
         * This is a convenience method; it converts database rows
         * (arrays) into beans. Given a type and a set of rows this method
         * will return an array of beans of the specified type loaded with
         * the data fields provided by the result set from the database.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans you would like to have
         * @param array  $rows rows from the database result
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function convertToBeans($type, $rows) {
            return $this->repository->convertToBeans($type, $rows);
        }

        /**
         * Counts the number of beans of type $type.
         * This method accepts a second argument to modify the count-query.
         * A third argument can be used to provide bindings for the SQL snippet.
         *
         * @param string $type     type of bean we are looking for
         * @param string $addSQL   additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
         *
         * @return integer
         *
         * @throws SQL
         */
        public function count($type, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array()) {
            return $this->repository->count($type, $addSQL, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Trash all beans of a given type. Wipes an entire type of bean.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean you wish to delete all instances of
         *
         * @return boolean
         *
         * @throws SQL
         */
        public function wipe($type) {
            return $this->repository->wipe($type);
        }

        /**
         * Returns an Association Manager for use with OODB.
         * A simple getter function to obtain a reference to the association manager used for
         * storage and more.
         *
         * @return AssociationManager
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public function getAssociationManager() {
            if (!isset($this->assocManager)) {
                throw new RedException('No association manager available.');
            }

            return $this->assocManager;
        }

        /**
         * Sets the association manager instance to be used by this OODB.
         * A simple setter function to set the association manager to be used for storage and
         * more.
         *
         * @param AssociationManager $assoc sets the association manager to be used
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setAssociationManager(AssociationManager $assocManager) {
            $this->assocManager = $assocManager;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the currently used repository instance.
         * For testing purposes only.
         *
         * @return Repository
         */
        public function getCurrentRepository() {
            return $this->repository;
        }

        /**
         * Binds an SQL function to a column.
         * This method can be used to setup a decode/encode scheme or
         * perform UUID insertion. This method is especially useful for handling
         * MySQL spatial columns, because they need to be processed first using
         * the asText/GeomFromText functions.
         *
         * @param string $mode (read or write)
         * @param string $field
         * @param string $function
         */
        public function bindFunc($mode, $field, $function) {
            list( $type, $property ) = explode('.', $field);
            $mode = ($mode === 'write') ? QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_WRITE : QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_READ;

            if (!isset(self::$sqlFilters[$mode]))
                self::$sqlFilters[$mode] = array();
            if (!isset(self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type]))
                self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type] = array();

            if (is_null($function)) {
                unset(self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type][$property]);
            } else {
                if ($mode === QueryWriter::C_SQLFILTER_WRITE) {
                    self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type][$property] = $function . '(?)';
                } else {
                    self::$sqlFilters[$mode][$type][$property] = $function . "($field)";
                }
            }

            AQueryWriter::setSQLFilters(self::$sqlFilters, (!$this->isFrozen));
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;

    /**
     * ToolBox.
     *
     * The toolbox is an integral part of RedBeanPHP providing the basic
     * architectural building blocks to manager objects, helpers and additional tools
     * like plugins. A toolbox contains the three core components of RedBeanPHP:
     * the adapter, the query writer and the core functionality of RedBeanPHP in
     * OODB.
     *
     * @file      RedBeanPHP/ToolBox.php
     * @author    Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license   BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class ToolBox {

        /**
         * @var OODB
         */
        protected $oodb;

        /**
         * @var QueryWriter
         */
        protected $writer;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $adapter;

        /**
         * Constructor.
         * The toolbox is an integral part of RedBeanPHP providing the basic
         * architectural building blocks to manager objects, helpers and additional tools
         * like plugins. A toolbox contains the three core components of RedBeanPHP:
         * the adapter, the query writer and the core functionality of RedBeanPHP in
         * OODB.
         *
         * @param OODB              $oodb    Object Database
         * @param DBAdapter $adapter Adapter
         * @param QueryWriter       $writer  Writer
         *
         * @return ToolBox
         */
        public function __construct(OODB $oodb, Adapter $adapter, QueryWriter $writer) {
            $this->oodb = $oodb;
            $this->adapter = $adapter;
            $this->writer = $writer;

            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the query writer in this toolbox.
         * The Query Writer is responsible for building the queries for a
         * specific database and executing them through the adapter.
         *
         * @return QueryWriter
         */
        public function getWriter() {
            return $this->writer;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the OODB instance in this toolbox.
         * OODB is responsible for creating, storing, retrieving and deleting
         * single beans. Other components rely
         * on OODB for their basic functionality.
         *
         * @return OODB
         */
        public function getRedBean() {
            return $this->oodb;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the database adapter in this toolbox.
         * The adapter is responsible for executing the query and binding the values.
         * The adapter also takes care of transaction handling.
         *
         * @return DBAdapter
         */
        public function getDatabaseAdapter() {
            return $this->adapter;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

    /**
     * RedBeanPHP Finder.
     * Service class to find beans. For the most part this class
     * offers user friendly utility methods for interacting with the
     * OODB::find() method, which is rather complex. This class can be
     * used to find beans using plain old SQL queries.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Finder.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class Finder {

        /**
         * @var ToolBox
         */
        protected $toolbox;

        /**
         * @var OODB
         */
        protected $redbean;

        /**
         * Constructor.
         * The Finder requires a toolbox.
         *
         * @param ToolBox $toolbox
         */
        public function __construct(ToolBox $toolbox) {
            $this->toolbox = $toolbox;
            $this->redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
        }

        /**
         * Finds a bean using a type and a where clause (SQL).
         * As with most Query tools in RedBean you can provide values to
         * be inserted in the SQL statement by populating the value
         * array parameter; you can either use the question mark notation
         * or the slot-notation (:keyname).
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return array
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public function find($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            if (!is_array($bindings)) {
                throw new RedException(
                'Expected array, ' . gettype($bindings) . ' given.'
                );
            }

            return $this->redbean->find($type, array(), $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Like find() but also exports the beans as an array.
         *
         * @see Finder::findAndExport
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function findAndExport($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $arr = array();
            foreach ($this->find($type, $sql, $bindings) as $key => $item) {
                $arr[] = $item->export();
            }

            return $arr;
        }

        /**
         * Like find() but returns just one bean instead of an array of beans.
         * This method will return only the first bean of the array.
         *
         * @see Finder::find
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function findOne($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $sql = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->glueLimitOne($sql);

            $items = $this->find($type, $sql, $bindings);

            if (empty($items)) {
                return NULL;
            }

            return reset($items);
        }

        /**
         * Like find() but returns the last bean of the result array.
         * Opposite of Finder::findLast().
         *
         * @see Finder::find
         *
         * @param string $type     the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function findLast($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $items = $this->find($type, $sql, $bindings);

            if (empty($items)) {
                return NULL;
            }

            return end($items);
        }

        /**
         * Tries to find beans of a certain type,
         * if no beans are found, it dispenses a bean of that type.
         *
         * @see Finder::find
         *
         * @param  string $type     the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param  string $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param  array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function findOrDispense($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            $foundBeans = $this->find($type, $sql, $bindings);

            if (empty($foundBeans)) {
                return array($this->redbean->dispense($type));
            } else {
                return $foundBeans;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Finds a BeanCollection using the repository.
         * A bean collection can be used to retrieve one bean at a time using
         * cursors - this is useful for processing large datasets. A bean collection
         * will not load all beans into memory all at once, just one at a time.
         *
         * @param  string $type     the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param  string $sql      SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param  array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return BeanCollection
         */
        public function findCollection($type, $sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return $this->redbean->findCollection($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Finds or creates a bean.
         * Tries to find a bean with certain properties specified in the second
         * parameter ($like). If the bean is found, it will be returned.
         * If multiple beans are found, only the first will be returned.
         * If no beans match the criteria, a new bean will be dispensed,
         * the criteria will be imported as properties and this new bean
         * will be stored and returned.
         *
         * Format of criteria set: property => value
         * The criteria set also supports OR-conditions: property => array( value1, orValue2 )
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean to search for
         * @param array  $like criteria set describing bean to search for
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function findOrCreate($type, $like = array()) {
            $beans = $this->findLike($type, $like);
            if (count($beans)) {
                $bean = reset($beans);
                return $bean;
            }

            $bean = $this->redbean->dispense($type);
            $bean->import($like);
            $this->redbean->store($bean);
            return $bean;
        }

        /**
         * Finds beans by its type and a certain criteria set.
         *
         * Format of criteria set: property => value
         * The criteria set also supports OR-conditions: property => array( value1, orValue2 )
         *
         * If the additional SQL is a condition, this condition will be glued to the rest
         * of the query using an AND operator. Note that this is as far as this method
         * can go, there is no way to glue additional SQL using an OR-condition.
         * This method provides access to an underlying mechanism in the RedBeanPHP architecture
         * to find beans using criteria sets. However, please do not use this method
         * for complex queries, use plain SQL instead ( the regular find method ) as it is
         * more suitable for the job. This method is
         * meant for basic search-by-example operations.
         *
         * @param string $type       type of bean to search for
         * @param array  $conditions criteria set describing the bean to search for
         * @param string $sql        additional SQL (for sorting)
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function findLike($type, $conditions = array(), $sql = '') {
            if (count($conditions) > 0) {
                foreach ($conditions as $key => $condition) {
                    if (!count($condition))
                        unset($conditions[$key]);
                }
            }

            return $this->redbean->find($type, $conditions, $sql);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a hashmap with bean arrays keyed by type using an SQL
         * query as its resource. Given an SQL query like 'SELECT movie.*, review.* FROM movie... JOIN review'
         * this method will return movie and review beans.
         *
         * Example:
         *
         * $stuff = $finder->findMulti('movie,review', '
         *          SELECT movie.*, review.* FROM movie
         *          LEFT JOIN review ON review.movie_id = movie.id');
         *
         * After this operation, $stuff will contain an entry 'movie' containing all
         * movies and an entry named 'review' containing all reviews (all beans).
         * You can also pass bindings.
         *
         * If you want to re-map your beans, so you can use $movie->ownReviewList without
         * having RedBeanPHP executing an SQL query you can use the fourth parameter to
         * define a selection of remapping closures.
         *
         * The remapping argument (optional) should contain an array of arrays.
         * Each array in the remapping array should contain the following entries:
         *
         * array(
         * 	'a'       => TYPE A
         *    'b'       => TYPE B
         *    'matcher' => MATCHING FUNCTION ACCEPTING A, B and ALL BEANS
         *    'do'      => OPERATION FUNCTION ACCEPTING A, B, ALL BEANS, ALL REMAPPINGS
         * )
         *
         * Using this mechanism you can build your own 'preloader' with tiny function
         * snippets (and those can be re-used and shared online of course).
         *
         * Example:
         *
         * array(
         * 	'a'       => 'movie'     //define A as movie
         *    'b'       => 'review'    //define B as review
         *    'matcher' => function( $a, $b ) {
         *       return ( $b->movie_id == $a->id );  //Perform action if review.movie_id equals movie.id
         *    }
         *    'do'      => function( $a, $b ) {
         *       $a->noLoad()->ownReviewList[] = $b; //Add the review to the movie
         *       $a->clearHistory();                 //optional, act 'as if these beans have been loaded through ownReviewList'.
         *    }
         * )
         *
         * The Query Template parameter is optional as well but can be used to
         * set a different SQL template (sprintf-style) for processing the original query.
         *
         * @note the SQL query provided IS NOT THE ONE used internally by this function,
         * this function will pre-process the query to get all the data required to find the beans.
         *
         * @note if you use the 'book.*' notation make SURE you're
         * selector starts with a SPACE. ' book.*' NOT ',book.*'. This is because
         * it's actually an SQL-like template SLOT, not real SQL.
         *
         * @note instead of an SQL query you can pass a result array as well.
         *
         * @param string|array $types         a list of types (either array or comma separated string)
         * @param string|array $sqlOrArr      an SQL query or an array of prefetched records
         * @param array        $bindings      optional, bindings for SQL query
         * @param array        $remappings    optional, an array of remapping arrays
         * @param string       $queryTemplate optional, query template
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function findMulti($types, $sql, $bindings = array(), $remappings = array(), $queryTemplate = ' %s.%s AS %s__%s') {
            if (!is_array($types))
                $types = explode(',', $types);
            if (!is_array($sql)) {
                $writer = $this->toolbox->getWriter();
                $adapter = $this->toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();

                //Repair the query, replace book.* with book.id AS book_id etc..
                foreach ($types as $type) {
                    $pattern = " {$type}.*";
                    if (strpos($sql, $pattern) !== FALSE) {
                        $newSelectorArray = array();
                        $columns = $writer->getColumns($type);
                        foreach ($columns as $column => $definition) {
                            $newSelectorArray[] = sprintf($queryTemplate, $type, $column, $type, $column);
                        }
                        $newSelector = implode(',', $newSelectorArray);
                        $sql = str_replace($pattern, $newSelector, $sql);
                    }
                }

                $rows = $adapter->get($sql, $bindings);
            } else {
                $rows = $sql;
            }

            //Gather the bean data from the query results using the prefix
            $wannaBeans = array();
            foreach ($types as $type) {
                $wannaBeans[$type] = array();
                $prefix = "{$type}__";
                foreach ($rows as $rowkey => $row) {
                    $wannaBean = array();
                    foreach ($row as $cell => $value) {
                        if (strpos($cell, $prefix) === 0) {
                            $property = substr($cell, strlen($prefix));
                            unset($rows[$rowkey][$cell]);
                            $wannaBean[$property] = $value;
                        }
                    }
                    if (!isset($wannaBean['id']))
                        continue;
                    if (is_null($wannaBean['id']))
                        continue;
                    $wannaBeans[$type][$wannaBean['id']] = $wannaBean;
                }
            }

            //Turn the rows into beans
            $beans = array();
            foreach ($wannaBeans as $type => $wannabees) {
                $beans[$type] = $this->redbean->convertToBeans($type, $wannabees);
            }

            //Apply additional re-mappings
            foreach ($remappings as $remapping) {
                $a = $remapping['a'];
                $b = $remapping['b'];
                $matcher = $remapping['matcher'];
                $do = $remapping['do'];
                foreach ($beans[$a] as $bean) {
                    foreach ($beans[$b] as $putBean) {
                        if ($matcher($bean, $putBean, $beans))
                            $do($bean, $putBean, $beans, $remapping);
                    }
                }
            }
            return $beans;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;

    /**
     * Association Manager.
     * Manages simple bean associations.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/AssociationManager.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class AssociationManager extends Observable {

        /**
         * @var OODB
         */
        protected $oodb;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        protected $adapter;

        /**
         * @var QueryWriter
         */
        protected $writer;

        /**
         * Handles\Exceptions. Suppresses exceptions caused by missing structures.
         *
         * @param\Exception $exception
         *
         * @return void
         *
         * @throws\Exception
         */
        private function handleException(\Exception $exception) {
            if ($this->oodb->isFrozen() || !$this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(
                        QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE,
                        QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN)
                    )
            ) {
                throw $exception;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Internal method.
         * Returns the many-to-many related rows of table $type for bean $bean using additional SQL in $sql and
         * $bindings bindings. If $getLinks is TRUE, link rows are returned instead.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean     reference bean instance
         * @param string   $type     target bean type
         * @param string   $sql      additional SQL snippet
         * @param array    $bindings bindings for query
         *
         * @return array
         *
         * @throws Security
         * @throws SQL
         */
        private function relatedRows($bean, $type, $sql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $ids = array($bean->id);
            $sourceType = $bean->getMeta('type');
            try {
                return $this->writer->queryRecordRelated($sourceType, $type, $ids, $sql, $bindings);
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                $this->handleException($exception);
                return array();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Associates a pair of beans. This method associates two beans, no matter
         * what types. Accepts a base bean that contains data for the linking record.
         * This method is used by associate. This method also accepts a base bean to be used
         * as the template for the link record in the database.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean1 first bean
         * @param OODBBean $bean2 second bean
         * @param OODBBean $bean  base bean (association record)
         *
         * @throws\Exception|SQL
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        protected function associateBeans(OODBBean $bean1, OODBBean $bean2, OODBBean $bean) {
            $type = $bean->getMeta('type');
            $property1 = $bean1->getMeta('type') . '_id';
            $property2 = $bean2->getMeta('type') . '_id';

            if ($property1 == $property2) {
                $property2 = $bean2->getMeta('type') . '2_id';
            }

            $this->oodb->store($bean1);
            $this->oodb->store($bean2);

            $bean->setMeta("cast.$property1", "id");
            $bean->setMeta("cast.$property2", "id");
            $bean->setMeta('sys.buildcommand.unique', array($property1, $property2));

            $bean->$property1 = $bean1->id;
            $bean->$property2 = $bean2->id;

            $results = array();

            try {
                $id = $this->oodb->store($bean);
                $results[] = $id;
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                if (!$this->writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_INTEGRITY_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION))
                ) {
                    throw $exception;
                }
            }

            return $results;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor
         *
         * @param ToolBox $tools toolbox
         */
        public function __construct(ToolBox $tools) {
            $this->oodb = $tools->getRedBean();
            $this->adapter = $tools->getDatabaseAdapter();
            $this->writer = $tools->getWriter();
            $this->toolbox = $tools;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a table name based on a types array.
         * Manages the get the correct name for the linking table for the
         * types provided.
         *
         * @todo find a nice way to decouple this class from QueryWriter?
         *
         * @param array $types 2 types as strings
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public function getTable($types) {
            return $this->writer->getAssocTable($types);
        }

        /**
         * Associates two beans in a many-to-many relation.
         * This method will associate two beans and store the connection between the
         * two in a link table. Instead of two single beans this method also accepts
         * two sets of beans. Returns the ID or the IDs of the linking beans.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|array $beans1 one or more beans to form the association
         * @param OODBBean|array $beans2 one or more beans to form the association
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function associate($beans1, $beans2) {
            if (!is_array($beans1)) {
                $beans1 = array($beans1);
            }

            if (!is_array($beans2)) {
                $beans2 = array($beans2);
            }

            $results = array();
            foreach ($beans1 as $bean1) {
                foreach ($beans2 as $bean2) {
                    $table = $this->getTable(array($bean1->getMeta('type'), $bean2->getMeta('type')));
                    $bean = $this->oodb->dispense($table);
                    $results[] = $this->associateBeans($bean1, $bean2, $bean);
                }
            }

            return ( count($results) > 1 ) ? $results : reset($results);
        }

        /**
         * Counts the number of related beans in an N-M relation.
         * This method returns the number of beans of type $type associated
         * with reference bean(s) $bean. The query can be tuned using an
         * SQL snippet for additional filtering.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|array $bean     a bean object or an array of beans
         * @param string                 $type     type of bean you're interested in
         * @param string                 $sql      SQL snippet (optional)
         * @param array                  $bindings bindings for your SQL string
         *
         * @return integer
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public function relatedCount($bean, $type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            if (!( $bean instanceof OODBBean )) {
                throw new RedException(
                'Expected array or OODBBean but got:' . gettype($bean)
                );
            }

            if (!$bean->id) {
                return 0;
            }

            $beanType = $bean->getMeta('type');

            try {
                return $this->writer->queryRecordCountRelated($beanType, $type, $bean->id, $sql, $bindings);
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                $this->handleException($exception);

                return 0;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Breaks the association between two beans. This method unassociates two beans. If the
         * method succeeds the beans will no longer form an association. In the database
         * this means that the association record will be removed. This method uses the
         * OODB trash() method to remove the association links, thus giving FUSE models the
         * opportunity to hook-in additional business logic. If the $fast parameter is
         * set to boolean TRUE this method will remove the beans without their consent,
         * bypassing FUSE. This can be used to improve performance.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean1 first bean
         * @param OODBBean $bean2 second bean
         * @param boolean          $fast  If TRUE, removes the entries by query without FUSE
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function unassociate($beans1, $beans2, $fast = NULL) {
            $beans1 = (!is_array($beans1) ) ? array($beans1) : $beans1;
            $beans2 = (!is_array($beans2) ) ? array($beans2) : $beans2;

            foreach ($beans1 as $bean1) {
                foreach ($beans2 as $bean2) {
                    try {
                        $this->oodb->store($bean1);
                        $this->oodb->store($bean2);

                        $type1 = $bean1->getMeta('type');
                        $type2 = $bean2->getMeta('type');

                        $row = $this->writer->queryRecordLink($type1, $type2, $bean1->id, $bean2->id);
                        $linkType = $this->getTable(array($type1, $type2));

                        if ($fast) {
                            $this->writer->deleteRecord($linkType, array('id' => $row['id']));

                            return;
                        }

                        $beans = $this->oodb->convertToBeans($linkType, array($row));

                        if (count($beans) > 0) {
                            $bean = reset($beans);
                            $this->oodb->trash($bean);
                        }
                    } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                        $this->handleException($exception);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Removes all relations for a bean. This method breaks every connection between
         * a certain bean $bean and every other bean of type $type. Warning: this method
         * is really fast because it uses a direct SQL query however it does not inform the
         * models about this. If you want to notify FUSE models about deletion use a foreach-loop
         * with unassociate() instead. (that might be slower though)
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean reference bean
         * @param string           $type type of beans that need to be unassociated
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function clearRelations(OODBBean $bean, $type) {
            $this->oodb->store($bean);
            try {
                $this->writer->deleteRelations($bean->getMeta('type'), $type, $bean->id);
            } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                $this->handleException($exception);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns all the beans associated with $bean.
         * This method will return an array containing all the beans that have
         * been associated once with the associate() function and are still
         * associated with the bean specified. The type parameter indicates the
         * type of beans you are looking for. You can also pass some extra SQL and
         * values for that SQL to filter your results after fetching the
         * related beans.
         *
         * Don't try to make use of subqueries, a subquery using IN() seems to
         * be slower than two queries!
         *
         * Since 3.2, you can now also pass an array of beans instead just one
         * bean as the first parameter.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|array $bean      the bean you have
         * @param string                 $type      the type of beans you want
         * @param string                 $sql       SQL snippet for extra filtering
         * @param array                  $bindings  values to be inserted in SQL slots
         * @param boolean                $glue      whether the SQL should be prefixed with WHERE
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function related($bean, $type, $sql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $sql = $this->writer->glueSQLCondition($sql);
            $rows = $this->relatedRows($bean, $type, $sql, $bindings);
            $links = array();

            foreach ($rows as $key => $row) {
                if (!isset($links[$row['id']]))
                    $links[$row['id']] = array();
                $links[$row['id']][] = $row['linked_by'];
                unset($rows[$key]['linked_by']);
            }

            $beans = $this->oodb->convertToBeans($type, $rows);
            foreach ($beans as $bean)
                $bean->setMeta('sys.belongs-to', $links[$bean->id]);

            return $beans;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

    /**
     * Bean Helper Interface.
     *
     * Interface for Bean Helper.
     * A little bolt that glues the whole machinery together.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/IBeanHelper.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface BeanHelper {

        /**
         * Returns a toolbox to empower the bean.
         * This allows beans to perform OODB operations by themselves,
         * as such the bean is a proxy for OODB. This allows beans to implement
         * their magic getters and setters and return lists.
         *
         * @return ToolBox $toolbox toolbox
         */
        public function getToolbox();

        /**
         * Does approximately the same as getToolbox but also extracts the
         * toolbox for you.
         * This method returns a list with all toolbox items in Toolbox Constructor order:
         * OODB, adapter, writer and finally the toolbox itself!.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getExtractedToolbox();

        /**
         * Given a certain bean this method will
         * return the corresponding model.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean
         *
         * @return object
         */
        public function getModelForBean(OODBBean $bean);
    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper {

    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper as BeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\Facade as Facade;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModelHelper as SimpleModelHelper;

    /**
     * Bean Helper.
     *
     * The Bean helper helps beans to access access the toolbox and
     * FUSE models. This Bean Helper makes use of the facade to obtain a
     * reference to the toolbox.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/BeanHelperFacade.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * (c) copyright G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class SimpleFacadeBeanHelper implements BeanHelper {

        /**
         * Factory function to create instance of Simple Model, if any.
         *
         * @var closure
         */
        private static $factory = null;

        /**
         * Factory method using a customizable factory function to create
         * the instance of the Simple Model.
         *
         * @param string $modelClassName name of the class
         *
         * @return SimpleModel
         */
        public static function factory($modelClassName) {
            $factory = self::$factory;
            return ( $factory ) ? $factory($modelClassName) : new $modelClassName();
        }

        /**
         * Sets the factory function to create the model when using FUSE
         * to connect a bean to a model.
         *
         * @param closure $factory
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setFactoryFunction($factory) {
            self::$factory = $factory;
        }

        /**
         * @see BeanHelper::getToolbox
         */
        public function getToolbox() {
            return Facade::getToolBox();
        }

        /**
         * @see BeanHelper::getModelForBean
         */
        public function getModelForBean(OODBBean $bean) {
            $model = $bean->getMeta('type');
            $prefix = defined('REDBEAN_MODEL_PREFIX') ? REDBEAN_MODEL_PREFIX : '\\Model_';

            if (strpos($model, '_') !== FALSE) {
                $modelParts = explode('_', $model);
                $modelName = '';
                foreach ($modelParts as $part) {
                    $modelName .= ucfirst($part);
                }
                $modelName = $prefix . $modelName;

                if (!class_exists($modelName)) {
                    //second try
                    $modelName = $prefix . ucfirst($model);

                    if (!class_exists($modelName)) {
                        return NULL;
                    }
                }
            } else {

                $modelName = $prefix . ucfirst($model);
                if (!class_exists($modelName)) {
                    return NULL;
                }
            }
            $obj = self::factory($modelName);
            $obj->loadBean($bean);

            return $obj;
        }

        /**
         * @see BeanHelper::getExtractedToolbox
         */
        public function getExtractedToolbox() {
            return Facade::getExtractedToolbox();
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

    /**
     * SimpleModel
     * Base Model For All RedBeanPHP Models using FUSE.
     *
     * RedBeanPHP FUSE is a mechanism to connect beans to posthoc
     * models. Models are connected to beans by naming conventions.
     * Actions on beans will result in actions on models.
     *
     * @file       RedBeanPHP/SimpleModel.php
     * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Team
     * @license    BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class SimpleModel {

        /**
         * @var OODBBean
         */
        protected $bean;

        /**
         * Used by FUSE: the ModelHelper class to connect a bean to a model.
         * This method loads a bean in the model.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean bean
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function loadBean(OODBBean $bean) {
            $this->bean = $bean;
        }

        /**
         * Magic Getter to make the bean properties available from
         * the $this-scope.
         *
         * @note this method returns a value, not a reference!
         *       To obtain a reference unbox the bean first!
         *
         * @param string $prop property
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public function __get($prop) {
            return $this->bean->$prop;
        }

        /**
         * Magic Setter.
         * Sets the value directly as a bean property.
         *
         * @param string $prop  property
         * @param mixed  $value value
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function __set($prop, $value) {
            $this->bean->$prop = $value;
        }

        /**
         * Isset implementation.
         * Implements the isset function for array-like access.
         *
         * @param  string $key key to check
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function __isset($key) {
            return isset($this->bean->$key);
        }

        /**
         * Box the bean using the current model.
         * This method wraps the current bean in this model.
         * This method can be reached using FUSE through a simple
         * OODBBean. The method returns a RedBeanPHP Simple Model.
         * This is useful if you would like to rely on PHP type hinting.
         * You can box your beans before passing them to functions or methods
         * with typed parameters.
         *
         * @return SimpleModel
         */
        public function box() {
            return $this;
        }

        /**
         * Unbox the bean from the model.
         * This method returns the bean inside the model.
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function unbox() {
            return $this->bean;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\Observer as Observer;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\Observable as Observable;

    /**
     * RedBean Model Helper.
     *
     * Connects beans to models.
     * This is the core of so-called FUSE.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/ModelHelper.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class SimpleModelHelper implements Observer {

        /**
         * @see Observer::onEvent
         */
        public function onEvent($eventName, $bean) {
            $bean->$eventName();
        }

        /**
         * Attaches the FUSE event listeners. Now the Model Helper will listen for
         * CRUD events. If a CRUD event occurs it will send a signal to the model
         * that belongs to the CRUD bean and this model will take over control from
         * there.
         *
         * @param Observable $observable
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function attachEventListeners(Observable $observable) {
            foreach (array('update', 'open', 'delete', 'after_delete', 'after_update', 'dispense') as $e) {
                $observable->addEventListener($e, $this);
            }
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
    use RedBeanPHP\AssociationManager as AssociationManager;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

    /**
     * RedBeanPHP Tag Manager.
     *
     * The tag manager offers an easy way to quickly implement basic tagging
     * functionality.
     *
     * Provides methods to tag beans and perform tag-based searches in the
     * bean database.
     *
     * @file       RedBeanPHP/TagManager.php
     * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license    BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class TagManager {

        /**
         * @var ToolBox
         */
        protected $toolbox;

        /**
         * @var AssociationManager
         */
        protected $associationManager;

        /**
         * @var OODBBean
         */
        protected $redbean;

        /**
         * Checks if the argument is a comma separated string, in this case
         * it will split the string into words and return an array instead.
         * In case of an array the argument will be returned 'as is'.
         *
         * @param array|string $tagList list of tags
         *
         * @return array
         */
        private function extractTagsIfNeeded($tagList) {
            if ($tagList !== FALSE && !is_array($tagList)) {
                $tags = explode(',', (string) $tagList);
            } else {
                $tags = $tagList;
            }

            return $tags;
        }

        /**
         * Finds a tag bean by it's title.
         * Internal method.
         *
         * @param string $title title
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        protected function findTagByTitle($title) {
            $beans = $this->redbean->find('tag', array('title' => array($title)));

            if ($beans) {
                $bean = reset($beans);

                return $bean;
            }

            return NULL;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor.
         * The tag manager offers an easy way to quickly implement basic tagging
         * functionality.
         *
         * @param ToolBox $toolbox
         */
        public function __construct(ToolBox $toolbox) {
            $this->toolbox = $toolbox;
            $this->redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();

            $this->associationManager = $this->redbean->getAssociationManager();
        }

        /**
         * Tests whether a bean has been associated with one ore more
         * of the listed tags. If the third parameter is TRUE this method
         * will return TRUE only if all tags that have been specified are indeed
         * associated with the given bean, otherwise FALSE.
         * If the third parameter is FALSE this
         * method will return TRUE if one of the tags matches, FALSE if none
         * match.
         *
         * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
         * of tag names.
         *
         * @param  OODBBean $bean bean to check for tags
         * @param  array|string     $tags list of tags
         * @param  boolean          $all  whether they must all match or just some
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public function hasTag($bean, $tags, $all = FALSE) {
            $foundtags = $this->tag($bean);

            $tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded($tags);
            $same = array_intersect($tags, $foundtags);

            if ($all) {
                return ( implode(',', $same) === implode(',', $tags) );
            }

            return (bool) ( count($same) > 0 );
        }

        /**
         * Removes all sepcified tags from the bean. The tags specified in
         * the second parameter will no longer be associated with the bean.
         *
         * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
         * of tag names.
         *
         * @param  OODBBean $bean    tagged bean
         * @param  array|string     $tagList list of tags (names)
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function untag($bean, $tagList) {
            $tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded($tagList);

            foreach ($tags as $tag) {
                if ($t = $this->findTagByTitle($tag)) {
                    $this->associationManager->unassociate($bean, $t);
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Tags a bean or returns tags associated with a bean.
         * If $tagList is NULL or omitted this method will return a
         * comma separated list of tags associated with the bean provided.
         * If $tagList is a comma separated list (string) of tags all tags will
         * be associated with the bean.
         * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
         *
         * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
         * of tag names.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean    bean to be tagged
         * @param array|string     $tagList a list of tags
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function tag(OODBBean $bean, $tagList = NULL) {
            if (is_null($tagList)) {

                $tags = $bean->sharedTag;
                $foundTags = array();

                foreach ($tags as $tag) {
                    $foundTags[] = $tag->title;
                }

                return $foundTags;
            }

            $this->associationManager->clearRelations($bean, 'tag');
            $this->addTags($bean, $tagList);

            return $tagList;
        }

        /**
         * Adds tags to a bean.
         * If $tagList is a comma separated list of tags all tags will
         * be associated with the bean.
         * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
         *
         * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
         * of tag names.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean    bean to add tags to
         * @param array|string     $tagList list of tags to add to bean
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function addTags(OODBBean $bean, $tagList) {
            $tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded($tagList);

            if ($tagList === FALSE) {
                return;
            }

            foreach ($tags as $tag) {
                if (!$t = $this->findTagByTitle($tag)) {
                    $t = $this->redbean->dispense('tag');
                    $t->title = $tag;

                    $this->redbean->store($t);
                }

                $this->associationManager->associate($bean, $t);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns all beans that have been tagged with one or more
         * of the specified tags.
         *
         * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
         * of tag names.
         *
         * @param string       $beanType type of bean you are looking for
         * @param array|string $tagList  list of tags to match
         * @param string       $sql      additional SQL (use only for pagination)
         * @param array        $bindings bindings
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function tagged($beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded($tagList);
            $records = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->queryTagged($beanType, $tags, FALSE, $sql, $bindings);

            return $this->redbean->convertToBeans($beanType, $records);
        }

        /**
         * Returns all beans that have been tagged with ALL of the tags given.
         *
         * Tag list can be either an array with tag names or a comma separated list
         * of tag names.
         *
         * @param string        $beanType type of bean you are looking for
         * @param array|string  $tagList  list of tags to match
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function taggedAll($beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            $tags = $this->extractTagsIfNeeded($tagList);
            $records = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->queryTagged($beanType, $tags, TRUE, $sql, $bindings);

            return $this->redbean->convertToBeans($beanType, $records);
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;

    /**
     * Label Maker.
     * Makes so-called label beans.
     * A label is a bean with only an id, type and name property.
     * Labels can be used to create simple entities like categories, tags or enums.
     * This service class provides convenience methods to deal with this kind of
     * beans.
     *
     * @file       RedBeanPHP/LabelMaker.php
     * @author     Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license    BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class LabelMaker {

        /**
         * @var ToolBox
         */
        protected $toolbox;

        /**
         * Constructor.
         *
         * @param ToolBox $toolbox
         */
        public function __construct(ToolBox $toolbox) {
            $this->toolbox = $toolbox;
        }

        /**
         * A label is a bean with only an id, type and name property.
         * This function will dispense beans for all entries in the array. The
         * values of the array will be assigned to the name property of each
         * individual bean.
         *
         * $people = R::dispenseLabels( 'person', [ 'Santa', 'Claus' ] );
         *
         * @param string $type   type of beans you would like to have
         * @param array  $labels list of labels, names for each bean
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function dispenseLabels($type, $labels) {
            $labelBeans = array();
            foreach ($labels as $label) {
                $labelBean = $this->toolbox->getRedBean()->dispense($type);
                $labelBean->name = $label;
                $labelBeans[] = $labelBean;
            }

            return $labelBeans;
        }

        /**
         * Gathers labels from beans. This function loops through the beans,
         * collects the value of the name property for each individual bean
         * and stores the names in a new array. The array then gets sorted using the
         * default sort function of PHP (sort).
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * $o1->name = 'hamburger';
         * $o2->name = 'pizza';
         * implode( ',', R::gatherLabels( [ $o1, $o2 ] ) ); //hamburger,pizza
         *
         * Note that the return value is an array of strings, not beans.
         *
         * @param array $beans list of beans to loop through
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function gatherLabels($beans) {
            $labels = array();

            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                $labels[] = $bean->name;
            }

            sort($labels);

            return $labels;
        }

        /**
         * Fetches an ENUM from the database and creates it if necessary.
         * An ENUM has the following format:
         *
         * ENUM:VALUE
         *
         * If you pass 'ENUM' only, this method will return an array of its
         * values:
         *
         * implode( ',', R::gatherLabels( R::enum( 'flavour' ) ) ) //'BANANA,MOCCA'
         *
         * If you pass 'ENUM:VALUE' this method will return the specified enum bean
         * and create it in the database if it does not exist yet:
         *
         * $bananaFlavour = R::enum( 'flavour:banana' );
         * $bananaFlavour->name;
         *
         * So you can use this method to set an ENUM value in a bean:
         *
         * $shake->flavour = R::enum( 'flavour:banana' );
         *
         * the property flavour now contains the enum bean, a parent bean.
         * In the database, flavour_id will point to the flavour record with name 'banana'.
         *
         * @param string $enum ENUM specification for label
         *
         * @return array|OODBBean
         */
        public function enum($enum) {
            $oodb = $this->toolbox->getRedBean();

            if (strpos($enum, ':') === FALSE) {
                $type = $enum;
                $value = FALSE;
            } else {
                list( $type, $value ) = explode(':', $enum);
                $value = preg_replace('/\W+/', '_', strtoupper(trim($value)));
            }

            $values = $oodb->find($type);

            if ($value === FALSE) {
                return $values;
            }

            foreach ($values as $enumItem) {
                if ($enumItem->name === $value)
                    return $enumItem;
            }

            $newEnumItems = $this->dispenseLabels($type, array($value));
            $newEnumItem = reset($newEnumItems);

            $oodb->store($newEnumItem);

            return $newEnumItem;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter as QueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter\DBAdapter as DBAdapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\AssociationManager as AssociationManager;
    use RedBeanPHP\TagManager as TagManager;
    use RedBeanPHP\DuplicationManager as DuplicationManager;
    use RedBeanPHP\LabelMaker as LabelMaker;
    use RedBeanPHP\Finder as Finder;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\SQL as SQLException;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException\Security as Security;
    use RedBeanPHP\Logger as Logger;
    use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault as RDefault;
    use RedBeanPHP\Logger\RDefault\Debug as Debug;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel as SimpleModel;
    use RedBeanPHP\SimpleModelHelper as SimpleModelHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\Adapter as Adapter;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;
    use RedBeanPHP\RedException as RedException;
    use RedBeanPHP\BeanHelper\SimpleFacadeBeanHelper as SimpleFacadeBeanHelper;
    use RedBeanPHP\Driver\RPDO as RPDO;

    /**
     * RedBean Facade
     *
     * Version Information
     * RedBean Version @version 4.2
     *
     * This class hides the object landscape of
     * RedBeanPHP behind a single letter class providing
     * almost all functionality with simple static calls.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Facade.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class Facade {

        /**
         * RedBeanPHP version constant.
         */
        const C_REDBEANPHP_VERSION = '4.2';

        /**
         * @var ToolBox
         */
        public static $toolbox;

        /**
         * @var OODB
         */
        private static $redbean;

        /**
         * @var QueryWriter
         */
        private static $writer;

        /**
         * @var DBAdapter
         */
        private static $adapter;

        /**
         * @var AssociationManager
         */
        private static $associationManager;

        /**
         * @var TagManager
         */
        private static $tagManager;

        /**
         * @var DuplicationManager
         */
        private static $duplicationManager;

        /**
         * @var LabelMaker
         */
        private static $labelMaker;

        /**
         * @var Finder
         */
        private static $finder;

        /**
         * @var Logger
         */
        private static $logger;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        private static $plugins = array();

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        private static $exportCaseStyle = 'default';

        /**
         * Not in use (backward compatibility SQLHelper)
         */
        public static $f;

        /**
         * @var string
         */
        public static $currentDB = '';

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        public static $toolboxes = array();

        /**
         * Internal Query function, executes the desired query. Used by
         * all facade query functions. This keeps things DRY.
         *
         * @throws SQL
         *
         * @param string $method   desired query method (i.e. 'cell', 'col', 'exec' etc..)
         * @param string $sql      the sql you want to execute
         * @param array  $bindings array of values to be bound to query statement
         *
         * @return array
         */
        private static function query($method, $sql, $bindings) {
            if (!self::$redbean->isFrozen()) {
                try {
                    $rs = Facade::$adapter->$method($sql, $bindings);
                } catch (SQLException $exception) {
                    if (self::$writer->sqlStateIn($exception->getSQLState(), array(
                                QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_COLUMN,
                                QueryWriter::C_SQLSTATE_NO_SUCH_TABLE)
                            )
                    ) {
                        return ( $method === 'getCell' ) ? NULL : array();
                    } else {
                        throw $exception;
                    }
                }

                return $rs;
            } else {
                return Facade::$adapter->$method($sql, $bindings);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Returns the RedBeanPHP version string.
         * The RedBeanPHP version string always has the same format "X.Y"
         * where X is the major version number and Y is the minor version number.
         * Point releases are not mentioned in the version string.
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function getVersion() {
            return self::C_REDBEANPHP_VERSION;
        }

        /**
         * Tests the connection.
         * Returns TRUE if connection has been established and
         * FALSE otherwise.
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public static function testConnection() {
            if (!isset(self::$adapter))
                return FALSE;

            $database = self::$adapter->getDatabase();
            try {
                @$database->connect();
            } catch (\Exception $e) {

            }
            return $database->isConnected();
        }

        /**
         * Kickstarts redbean for you. This method should be called before you start using
         * RedBean. The Setup() method can be called without any arguments, in this case it will
         * try to create a SQLite database in /tmp called red.db (this only works on UNIX-like systems).
         *
         * @param string  $dsn      Database connection string
         * @param string  $username Username for database
         * @param string  $password Password for database
         * @param boolean $frozen   TRUE if you want to setup in frozen mode
         *
         * @return ToolBox
         */
        public static function setup($dsn = NULL, $username = NULL, $password = NULL, $frozen = FALSE) {
            if (is_null($dsn)) {
                $dsn = 'sqlite:/' . sys_get_temp_dir() . '/red.db';
            }

            self::addDatabase('default', $dsn, $username, $password, $frozen);
            self::selectDatabase('default');

            return self::$toolbox;
        }

        /**
         * Toggles Narrow Field Mode.
         * See documentation in QueryWriter.
         *
         * @param boolean $mode TRUE = Narrow Field Mode
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setNarrowFieldMode($mode) {
            AQueryWriter::setNarrowFieldMode($mode);
        }

        /**
         * Starts a transaction within a closure (or other valid callback).
         * If an\Exception is thrown inside, the operation is automatically rolled back.
         * If no\Exception happens, it commits automatically.
         * It also supports (simulated) nested transactions (that is useful when
         * you have many methods that needs transactions but are unaware of
         * each other).
         * ex:
         *        $from = 1;
         *        $to = 2;
         *        $amount = 300;
         *
         *        R::transaction(function() use($from, $to, $amount)
         *        {
         *            $accountFrom = R::load('account', $from);
         *            $accountTo = R::load('account', $to);
         *
         *            $accountFrom->money -= $amount;
         *            $accountTo->money += $amount;
         *
         *            R::store($accountFrom);
         *            R::store($accountTo);
         *      });
         *
         * @param callable $callback Closure (or other callable) with the transaction logic
         *
         * @throws Security
         *
         * @return mixed
         *
         */
        public static function transaction($callback) {
            if (!is_callable($callback)) {
                throw new RedException('R::transaction needs a valid callback.');
            }

            static $depth = 0;
            $result = null;
            try {
                if ($depth == 0) {
                    self::begin();
                }
                $depth++;
                $result = call_user_func($callback); //maintain 5.2 compatibility
                $depth--;
                if ($depth == 0) {
                    self::commit();
                }
            } catch (\Exception $exception) {
                $depth--;
                if ($depth == 0) {
                    self::rollback();
                }
                throw $exception;
            }
            return $result;
        }

        /**
         * Adds a database to the facade, afterwards you can select the database using
         * selectDatabase($key), where $key is the name you assigned to this database.
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * R::addDatabase( 'database-1', 'sqlite:/tmp/db1.txt' );
         * R::selectDatabase( 'database-1' ); //to select database again
         *
         * This method allows you to dynamically add (and select) new databases
         * to the facade. Adding a database with the same key will cause an exception.
         *
         * @param string      $key    ID for the database
         * @param string      $dsn    DSN for the database
         * @param string      $user   user for connection
         * @param NULL|string $pass   password for connection
         * @param bool        $frozen whether this database is frozen or not
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function addDatabase($key, $dsn, $user = NULL, $pass = NULL, $frozen = FALSE) {
            if (isset(self::$toolboxes[$key])) {
                throw new RedException('A database has already be specified for this key.');
            }

            if (is_object($dsn)) {
                $db = new RPDO($dsn);
                $dbType = $db->getDatabaseType();
            } else {
                $db = new RPDO($dsn, $user, $pass, TRUE);
                $dbType = substr($dsn, 0, strpos($dsn, ':'));
            }

            $adapter = new DBAdapter($db);

            $writers = array(
                'pgsql' => 'PostgreSQL',
                'sqlite' => 'SQLiteT',
                'cubrid' => 'CUBRID',
                'mysql' => 'MySQL',
                'sqlsrv' => 'SQLServer',
            );

            $wkey = trim(strtolower($dbType));
            if (!isset($writers[$wkey]))
                trigger_error('Unsupported DSN: ' . $wkey);
            $writerClass = '\\RedBeanPHP\\QueryWriter\\' . $writers[$wkey];
            $writer = new $writerClass($adapter);
            $redbean = new OODB($writer, $frozen);

            self::$toolboxes[$key] = new ToolBox($redbean, $adapter, $writer);
        }

        /**
         * Selects a different database for the Facade to work with.
         * If you use the R::setup() you don't need this method. This method is meant
         * for multiple database setups. This method selects the database identified by the
         * database ID ($key). Use addDatabase() to add a new database, which in turn
         * can be selected using selectDatabase(). If you use R::setup(), the resulting
         * database will be stored under key 'default', to switch (back) to this database
         * use R::selectDatabase( 'default' ). This method returns TRUE if the database has been
         * switched and FALSE otherwise (for instance if you already using the specified database).
         *
         * @param  string $key Key of the database to select
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public static function selectDatabase($key) {
            if (self::$currentDB === $key) {
                return FALSE;
            }

            self::configureFacadeWithToolbox(self::$toolboxes[$key]);
            self::$currentDB = $key;

            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * Toggles DEBUG mode.
         * In Debug mode all SQL that happens under the hood will
         * be printed to the screen or logged by provided logger.
         * If no database connection has been configured using R::setup() or
         * R::selectDatabase() this method will throw an exception.
         * Returns the attached logger instance.
         *
         * @param boolean $tf   debug mode (true or false)
         * @param integer $mode (0 = to STDOUT, 1 = to ARRAY)
         *
         * @throws Security
         *
         * @return RDefault
         */
        public static function debug($tf = TRUE, $mode = 0) {
            if ($mode > 1) {
                $mode -= 2;
                $logger = new Debug;
            } else {
                $logger = new RDefault;
            }

            if (!isset(self::$adapter)) {
                throw new RedException('Use R::setup() first.');
            }
            $logger->setMode($mode);
            self::$adapter->getDatabase()->setDebugMode($tf, $logger);

            return $logger;
        }

        /**
         * Turns on the fancy debugger.
         * In 'fancy' mode the debugger will output queries with bound
         * parameters inside the SQL itself. This method has been added to
         * offer a convenient way to activate the fancy debugger system
         * in one call.
         *
         * @param boolean $toggle TRUE to activate debugger and select 'fancy' mode
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function fancyDebug($toggle) {
            self::debug($toggle, 2);
        }

        /**
         * Inspects the database schema. If you pass the type of a bean this
         * method will return the fields of its table in the database.
         * The keys of this array will be the field names and the values will be
         * the column types used to store their values.
         * If no type is passed, this method returns a list of all tables in the database.
         *
         * @param string $type Type of bean (i.e. table) you want to inspect
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function inspect($type = NULL) {
            return ($type === NULL) ? self::$writer->getTables() : self::$writer->getColumns($type);
        }

        /**
         * Stores a bean in the database. This method takes a
         * OODBBean Bean Object $bean and stores it
         * in the database. If the database schema is not compatible
         * with this bean and RedBean runs in fluid mode the schema
         * will be altered to store the bean correctly.
         * If the database schema is not compatible with this bean and
         * RedBean runs in frozen mode it will throw an exception.
         * This function returns the primary key ID of the inserted
         * bean.
         *
         * The return value is an integer if possible. If it is not possible to
         * represent the value as an integer a string will be returned.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean to store
         *
         * @return integer|string
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public static function store($bean) {
            return self::$redbean->store($bean);
        }

        /**
         * Toggles fluid or frozen mode. In fluid mode the database
         * structure is adjusted to accomodate your objects. In frozen mode
         * this is not the case.
         *
         * You can also pass an array containing a selection of frozen types.
         * Let's call this chilly mode, it's just like fluid mode except that
         * certain types (i.e. tables) aren't touched.
         *
         * @param boolean|array $trueFalse
         */
        public static function freeze($tf = TRUE) {
            self::$redbean->freeze($tf);
        }

        /**
         * Loads multiple types of beans with the same ID.
         * This might look like a strange method, however it can be useful
         * for loading a one-to-one relation.
         *
         * Usage:
         * list($author, $bio) = R::load('author, bio', $id);
         *
         * @param string|array $types
         * @param mixed        $id
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public static function loadMulti($types, $id) {
            if (is_string($types)) {
                $types = explode(',', $types);
            }

            if (!is_array($types)) {
                return array();
            }

            foreach ($types as $k => $typeItem) {
                $types[$k] = self::$redbean->load($typeItem, $id);
            }

            return $types;
        }

        /**
         * Loads a bean from the object database.
         * It searches for a OODBBean Bean Object in the
         * database. It does not matter how this bean has been stored.
         * RedBean uses the primary key ID $id and the string $type
         * to find the bean. The $type specifies what kind of bean you
         * are looking for; this is the same type as used with the
         * dispense() function. If RedBean finds the bean it will return
         * the OODB Bean object; if it cannot find the bean
         * RedBean will return a new bean of type $type and with
         * primary key ID 0. In the latter case it acts basically the
         * same as dispense().
         *
         * Important note:
         * If the bean cannot be found in the database a new bean of
         * the specified type will be generated and returned.
         *
         * @param string  $type type of bean you want to load
         * @param integer $id   ID of the bean you want to load
         *
         * @throws SQL
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public static function load($type, $id) {
            return self::$redbean->load($type, $id);
        }

        /**
         * Removes a bean from the database.
         * This function will remove the specified OODBBean
         * Bean Object from the database.
         *
         * This facade method also accepts a type-id combination,
         * in the latter case this method will attempt to load the specified bean
         * and THEN trash it.
         *
         * @param string|OODBBean|SimpleModel $bean bean you want to remove from database
         * @param integer $id (optional)
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function trash($beanOrType, $id = NULL) {
            if (is_string($beanOrType))
                return self::trash(self::load($beanOrType, $id));
            return self::$redbean->trash($beanOrType);
        }

        /**
         * Dispenses a new RedBean OODB Bean for use with
         * the rest of the methods.
         *
         * @param string|array $typeOrBeanArray   type or bean array to import
         * @param integer      $number            number of beans to dispense
         * @param boolean	     $alwaysReturnArray if TRUE always returns the result as an array
         *
         * @return array|OODBBean
         *
         * @throws Security
         */
        public static function dispense($typeOrBeanArray, $num = 1, $alwaysReturnArray = FALSE) {
            if (is_array($typeOrBeanArray)) {

                if (!isset($typeOrBeanArray['_type'])) {
                    $list = array();
                    foreach ($typeOrBeanArray as $beanArray)
                        if (!( is_array($beanArray) && isset($beanArray['_type']) ))
                            throw new RedException('Invalid Array Bean');
                    foreach ($typeOrBeanArray as $beanArray)
                        $list[] = self::dispense($beanArray);
                    return $list;
                }

                $import = $typeOrBeanArray;
                $type = $import['_type'];
                unset($import['_type']);
            } else {
                $type = $typeOrBeanArray;
            }

            if (!preg_match('/^[a-z0-9]+$/', $type)) {
                throw new RedException('Invalid type: ' . $type);
            }

            $beanOrBeans = self::$redbean->dispense($type, $num, $alwaysReturnArray);

            if (isset($import)) {
                $beanOrBeans->import($import);
            }

            return $beanOrBeans;
        }

        /**
         * Takes a comma separated list of bean types
         * and dispenses these beans. For each type in the list
         * you can specify the number of beans to be dispensed.
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * list($book, $page, $text) = R::dispenseAll('book,page,text');
         *
         * This will dispense a book, a page and a text. This way you can
         * quickly dispense beans of various types in just one line of code.
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * list($book, $pages) = R::dispenseAll('book,page*100');
         *
         * This returns an array with a book bean and then another array
         * containing 100 page beans.
         *
         * @param string  $order      a description of the desired dispense order using the syntax above
         * @param boolean $onlyArrays return only arrays even if amount < 2
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function dispenseAll($order, $onlyArrays = FALSE) {

            $list = array();

            foreach (explode(',', $order) as $order) {
                if (strpos($order, '*') !== false) {
                    list( $type, $amount ) = explode('*', $order);
                } else {
                    $type = $order;
                    $amount = 1;
                }

                $list[] = self::dispense($type, $amount, $onlyArrays);
            }

            return $list;
        }

        /**
         * Convience method. Tries to find beans of a certain type,
         * if no beans are found, it dispenses a bean of that type.
         *
         * @param  string $type     type of bean you are looking for
         * @param  string $sql      SQL code for finding the bean
         * @param  array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function findOrDispense($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findOrDispense($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Finds a bean using a type and a where clause (SQL).
         * As with most Query tools in RedBean you can provide values to
         * be inserted in the SQL statement by populating the value
         * array parameter; you can either use the question mark notation
         * or the slot-notation (:keyname).
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function find($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->find($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Facade::find
         *      The findAll() method differs from the find() method in that it does
         *      not assume a WHERE-clause, so this is valid:
         *
         * R::findAll('person',' ORDER BY name DESC ');
         *
         * Your SQL does not have to start with a valid WHERE-clause condition.
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function findAll($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->find($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Facade::find
         * The variation also exports the beans (i.e. it returns arrays).
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function findAndExport($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findAndExport($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Facade::find
         * This variation returns the first bean only.
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public static function findOne($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findOne($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * @see Facade::find
         * This variation returns the last bean only.
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public static function findLast($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findLast($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Finds a bean collection.
         * Use this for large datasets.
         *
         * @param string $type     type   the type of bean you are looking for
         * @param string $sql      sql    SQL query to find the desired bean, starting right after WHERE clause
         * @param array  $bindings values array of values to be bound to parameters in query
         *
         * @return BeanCollection
         */
        public static function findCollection($type, $sql = NULL, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findCollection($type, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Finds multiple types of beans at once and offers additional
         * remapping functionality. This is a very powerful yet complex function.
         * For details see Finder::findMulti().
         *
         * @see Finder::findMulti()
         *
         * @param array|string $types      a list of bean types to find
         * @param string|array $sqlOrArr   SQL query string or result set array
         * @param array        $bindings   SQL bindings
         * @param array        $remappings An array of remapping arrays containing closures
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function findMulti($types, $sql, $bindings = array(), $remappings = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findMulti($types, $sql, $bindings, $remappings);
        }

        /**
         * Returns an array of beans. Pass a type and a series of ids and
         * this method will bring you the corresponding beans.
         *
         * important note: Because this method loads beans using the load()
         * function (but faster) it will return empty beans with ID 0 for
         * every bean that could not be located. The resulting beans will have the
         * passed IDs as their keys.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans
         * @param array  $ids  ids to load
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function batch($type, $ids) {
            return self::$redbean->batch($type, $ids);
        }

        /**
         * @see Facade::batch
         *
         * Alias for batch(). Batch method is older but since we added so-called *All
         * methods like storeAll, trashAll, dispenseAll and findAll it seemed logical to
         * improve the consistency of the Facade API and also add an alias for batch() called
         * loadAll.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans
         * @param array  $ids  ids to load
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function loadAll($type, $ids) {
            return self::$redbean->batch($type, $ids);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public static function exec($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('exec', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getAll($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('get', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function getCell($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('getCell', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getRow($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('getRow', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getCol($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('getCol', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         * Results will be returned as an associative array. The first
         * column in the select clause will be used for the keys in this array and
         * the second column will be used for the values. If only one column is
         * selected in the query, both key and value of the array will have the
         * value of this field for each row.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getAssoc($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('getAssoc', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Convenience function to execute Queries directly.
         * Executes SQL.
         * Results will be returned as an associative array indexed by the first
         * column in the select.
         *
         * @param string $sql       sql    SQL query to execute
         * @param array  $bindings  values a list of values to be bound to query parameters
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getAssocRow($sql, $bindings = array()) {
            return self::query('getAssocRow', $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the insert ID for databases that support/require this
         * functionality. Alias for R::getAdapter()->getInsertID().
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public static function getInsertID() {
            return self::$adapter->getInsertID();
        }

        /**
         * Makes a copy of a bean. This method makes a deep copy
         * of the bean.The copy will have the following features.
         * - All beans in own-lists will be duplicated as well
         * - All references to shared beans will be copied but not the shared beans themselves
         * - All references to parent objects (_id fields) will be copied but not the parents themselves
         * In most cases this is the desired scenario for copying beans.
         * This function uses a trail-array to prevent infinite recursion, if a recursive bean is found
         * (i.e. one that already has been processed) the ID of the bean will be returned.
         * This should not happen though.
         *
         * Note:
         * This function does a reflectional database query so it may be slow.
         *
         * @deprecated
         * This function is deprecated in favour of R::duplicate().
         * This function has a confusing method signature, the R::duplicate() function
         * only accepts two arguments: bean and filters.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean  bean to be copied
         * @param array    $trail for internal usage, pass array()
         * @param boolean  $pid   for internal usage
         * @param array	   $white white list filter with bean types to duplicate
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function dup($bean, $trail = array(), $pid = FALSE, $filters = array()) {
            self::$duplicationManager->setFilters($filters);
            return self::$duplicationManager->dup($bean, $trail, $pid);
        }

        /**
         * Makes a deep copy of a bean. This method makes a deep copy
         * of the bean.The copy will have the following:
         *
         * - All beans in own-lists will be duplicated as well
         * - All references to shared beans will be copied but not the shared beans themselves
         * - All references to parent objects (_id fields) will be copied but not the parents themselves
         *
         * In most cases this is the desired scenario for copying beans.
         * This function uses a trail-array to prevent infinite recursion, if a recursive bean is found
         * (i.e. one that already has been processed) the ID of the bean will be returned.
         * This should not happen though.
         *
         * Note:
         * This function does a reflectional database query so it may be slow.
         *
         * Note:
         * This is a simplified version of the deprecated R::dup() function.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean  bean to be copied
         * @param array	   $white white list filter with bean types to duplicate
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function duplicate($bean, $filters = array()) {
            return self::dup($bean, array(), FALSE, $filters);
        }

        /**
         * Exports a collection of beans. Handy for XML/JSON exports with a
         * Javascript framework like Dojo or ExtJS.
         * What will be exported:
         * - contents of the bean
         * - all own bean lists (recursively)
         * - all shared beans (not THEIR own lists)
         *
         * @param    array|OODBBean $beans   beans to be exported
         * @param    boolean        $parents whether you want parent beans to be exported
         * @param    array          $filters whitelist of types
         *
         * @return    array
         */
        public static function exportAll($beans, $parents = FALSE, $filters = array()) {
            return self::$duplicationManager->exportAll($beans, $parents, $filters, self::$exportCaseStyle);
        }

        /**
         * Selects case style for export.
         * This will determine the case style for the keys of exported beans (see exportAll).
         * The following options are accepted:
         *
         * 'default' RedBeanPHP by default enforces Snake Case (i.e. book_id is_valid )
         * 'camel'   Camel Case   (i.e. bookId isValid   )
         * 'dolphin' Dolphin Case (i.e. bookID isValid   ) Like CamelCase but ID is written all uppercase
         *
         * @warning RedBeanPHP transforms camelCase to snake_case using a slightly different
         * algorithm, it also converts isACL to is_acl (not is_a_c_l) and bookID to book_id.
         * Due to information loss this cannot be corrected. However if you might try
         * DolphinCase for IDs it takes into account the exception concerning IDs.
         *
         * @param string $caseStyle case style identifier
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function useExportCase($caseStyle = 'default') {
            if (!in_array($caseStyle, array('default', 'camel', 'dolphin')))
                throw new RedException('Invalid case selected.');
            self::$exportCaseStyle = $caseStyle;
        }

        /**
         * Converts a series of rows to beans.
         * This method converts a series of rows to beans.
         * The type of the desired output beans can be specified in the
         * first parameter. The second parameter is meant for the database
         * result rows.
         *
         * @param string $type type of beans to produce
         * @param array  $rows must contain an array of array
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function convertToBeans($type, $rows) {
            return self::$redbean->convertToBeans($type, $rows);
        }

        /**
         * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
         * Tests whether a bean has been associated with one ore more
         * of the listed tags. If the third parameter is TRUE this method
         * will return TRUE only if all tags that have been specified are indeed
         * associated with the given bean, otherwise FALSE.
         * If the third parameter is FALSE this
         * method will return TRUE if one of the tags matches, FALSE if none
         * match.
         *
         * @param  OODBBean $bean bean to check for tags
         * @param  array    $tags list of tags
         * @param  boolean  $all  whether they must all match or just some
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public static function hasTag($bean, $tags, $all = FALSE) {
            return self::$tagManager->hasTag($bean, $tags, $all);
        }

        /**
         * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
         * Removes all specified tags from the bean. The tags specified in
         * the second parameter will no longer be associated with the bean.
         *
         * @param  OODBBean $bean    tagged bean
         * @param  array    $tagList list of tags (names)
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function untag($bean, $tagList) {
            self::$tagManager->untag($bean, $tagList);
        }

        /**
         * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
         * Tags a bean or returns tags associated with a bean.
         * If $tagList is NULL or omitted this method will return a
         * comma separated list of tags associated with the bean provided.
         * If $tagList is a comma separated list (string) of tags all tags will
         * be associated with the bean.
         * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean    bean
         * @param mixed    $tagList tags
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function tag(OODBBean $bean, $tagList = NULL) {
            return self::$tagManager->tag($bean, $tagList);
        }

        /**
         * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
         * Adds tags to a bean.
         * If $tagList is a comma separated list of tags all tags will
         * be associated with the bean.
         * You may also pass an array instead of a string.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean    bean
         * @param array    $tagList list of tags to add to bean
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function addTags(OODBBean $bean, $tagList) {
            self::$tagManager->addTags($bean, $tagList);
        }

        /**
         * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
         * Returns all beans that have been tagged with one of the tags given.
         *
         * @param string $beanType type of bean you are looking for
         * @param array  $tagList  list of tags to match
         * @param string $sql      additional SQL
         * @param array  $bindings bindings
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function tagged($beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$tagManager->tagged($beanType, $tagList, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Part of RedBeanPHP Tagging API.
         * Returns all beans that have been tagged with ALL of the tags given.
         *
         * @param string $beanType type of bean you are looking for
         * @param array  $tagList  list of tags to match
         * @param string $sql      additional SQL
         * @param array  $bindings bindings
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function taggedAll($beanType, $tagList, $sql = '', $bindings = array()) {
            return self::$tagManager->taggedAll($beanType, $tagList, $sql, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Wipes all beans of type $beanType.
         *
         * @param string $beanType type of bean you want to destroy entirely
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        public static function wipe($beanType) {
            return Facade::$redbean->wipe($beanType);
        }

        /**
         * Counts the number of beans of type $type.
         * This method accepts a second argument to modify the count-query.
         * A third argument can be used to provide bindings for the SQL snippet.
         *
         * @param string $type     type of bean we are looking for
         * @param string $addSQL   additional SQL snippet
         * @param array  $bindings parameters to bind to SQL
         *
         * @return integer
         *
         * @throws SQL
         */
        public static function count($type, $addSQL = '', $bindings = array()) {
            return Facade::$redbean->count($type, $addSQL, $bindings);
        }

        /**
         * Configures the facade, want to have a new Writer? A new Object Database or a new
         * Adapter and you want it on-the-fly? Use this method to hot-swap your facade with a new
         * toolbox.
         *
         * @param ToolBox $tb toolbox
         *
         * @return ToolBox
         */
        public static function configureFacadeWithToolbox(ToolBox $tb) {
            $oldTools = self::$toolbox;

            self::$toolbox = $tb;

            self::$writer = self::$toolbox->getWriter();
            self::$adapter = self::$toolbox->getDatabaseAdapter();
            self::$redbean = self::$toolbox->getRedBean();
            self::$finder = new Finder(self::$toolbox);

            self::$associationManager = new AssociationManager(self::$toolbox);

            self::$redbean->setAssociationManager(self::$associationManager);

            self::$labelMaker = new LabelMaker(self::$toolbox);

            $helper = new SimpleModelHelper();

            $helper->attachEventListeners(self::$redbean);

            self::$redbean->setBeanHelper(new SimpleFacadeBeanHelper);

            self::$duplicationManager = new DuplicationManager(self::$toolbox);
            self::$tagManager = new TagManager(self::$toolbox);

            return $oldTools;
        }

        /**
         * Facade Convience method for adapter transaction system.
         * Begins a transaction.
         *
         * @return bool
         */
        public static function begin() {
            if (!self::$redbean->isFrozen())
                return FALSE;

            self::$adapter->startTransaction();

            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * Facade Convience method for adapter transaction system.
         * Commits a transaction.
         *
         * @return bool
         */
        public static function commit() {
            if (!self::$redbean->isFrozen())
                return FALSE;

            self::$adapter->commit();

            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * Facade Convience method for adapter transaction system.
         * Rolls back a transaction.
         *
         * @return bool
         */
        public static function rollback() {
            if (!self::$redbean->isFrozen())
                return FALSE;

            self::$adapter->rollback();

            return TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a list of columns. Format of this array:
         * array( fieldname => type )
         * Note that this method only works in fluid mode because it might be
         * quite heavy on production servers!
         *
         * @param  string $table name of the table (not type) you want to get columns of
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getColumns($table) {
            return self::$writer->getColumns($table);
        }

        /**
         * Generates question mark slots for an array of values.
         *
         * @param array  $array array to generate question mark slots for
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function genSlots($array, $template = NULL) {
            $str = count($array) ? implode(',', array_fill(0, count($array), '?')) : '';
            return ( is_null($template) || $str === '' ) ? $str : sprintf($template, $str);
        }

        /**
         * Flattens a multi dimensional bindings array for use with genSlots().
         *
         * @param array $array array to flatten
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function flat($array, $result = array()) {
            foreach ($array as $value) {
                if (is_array($value))
                    $result = self::flat($value, $result);
                else
                    $result[] = $value;
            }
            return $result;
        }

        /**
         * Nukes the entire database.
         * This will remove all schema structures from the database.
         * Only works in fluid mode. Be careful with this method.
         *
         * @warning dangerous method, will remove all tables, columns etc.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function nuke() {
            if (!self::$redbean->isFrozen()) {
                self::$writer->wipeAll();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Short hand function to store a set of beans at once, IDs will be
         * returned as an array. For information please consult the R::store()
         * function.
         * A loop saver.
         *
         * @param array $beans list of beans to be stored
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function storeAll($beans) {
            $ids = array();
            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                $ids[] = self::store($bean);
            }

            return $ids;
        }

        /**
         * Short hand function to trash a set of beans at once.
         * For information please consult the R::trash() function.
         * A loop saver.
         *
         * @param array $beans list of beans to be trashed
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function trashAll($beans) {
            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                self::trash($bean);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Toggles Writer Cache.
         * Turns the Writer Cache on or off. The Writer Cache is a simple
         * query based caching system that may improve performance without the need
         * for cache management. This caching system will cache non-modifying queries
         * that are marked with special SQL comments. As soon as a non-marked query
         * gets executed the cache will be flushed. Only non-modifying select queries
         * have been marked therefore this mechanism is a rather safe way of caching, requiring
         * no explicit flushes or reloads. Of course this does not apply if you intend to test
         * or simulate concurrent querying.
         *
         * @param boolean $yesNo TRUE to enable cache, FALSE to disable cache
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function useWriterCache($yesNo) {
            self::getWriter()->setUseCache($yesNo);
        }

        /**
         * A label is a bean with only an id, type and name property.
         * This function will dispense beans for all entries in the array. The
         * values of the array will be assigned to the name property of each
         * individual bean.
         *
         * @param string $type   type of beans you would like to have
         * @param array  $labels list of labels, names for each bean
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function dispenseLabels($type, $labels) {
            return self::$labelMaker->dispenseLabels($type, $labels);
        }

        /**
         * Generates and returns an ENUM value. This is how RedBeanPHP handles ENUMs.
         * Either returns a (newly created) bean respresenting the desired ENUM
         * value or returns a list of all enums for the type.
         *
         * To obtain (and add if necessary) an ENUM value:
         *
         * $tea->flavour = R::enum( 'flavour:apple' );
         *
         * Returns a bean of type 'flavour' with  name = apple.
         * This will add a bean with property name (set to APPLE) to the database
         * if it does not exist yet.
         *
         * To obtain all flavours:
         *
         * R::enum('flavour');
         *
         * To get a list of all flavour names:
         *
         * R::gatherLabels( R::enum( 'flavour' ) );
         *
         * @param string $enum either type or type-value
         *
         * @return array|OODBBean
         */
        public static function enum($enum) {
            return self::$labelMaker->enum($enum);
        }

        /**
         * Gathers labels from beans. This function loops through the beans,
         * collects the values of the name properties of each individual bean
         * and stores the names in a new array. The array then gets sorted using the
         * default sort function of PHP (sort).
         *
         * @param array $beans list of beans to loop
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function gatherLabels($beans) {
            return self::$labelMaker->gatherLabels($beans);
        }

        /**
         * Closes the database connection.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function close() {
            if (isset(self::$adapter)) {
                self::$adapter->close();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Simple convenience function, returns ISO date formatted representation
         * of $time.
         *
         * @param mixed $time UNIX timestamp
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function isoDate($time = NULL) {
            if (!$time) {
                $time = time();
            }

            return @date('Y-m-d', $time);
        }

        /**
         * Simple convenience function, returns ISO date time
         * formatted representation
         * of $time.
         *
         * @param mixed $time UNIX timestamp
         *
         * @return string
         */
        public static function isoDateTime($time = NULL) {
            if (!$time)
                $time = time();

            return @date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $time);
        }

        /**
         * Optional accessor for neat code.
         * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
         *
         * @param Adapter $adapter
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setDatabaseAdapter(Adapter $adapter) {
            self::$adapter = $adapter;
        }

        /**
         * Optional accessor for neat code.
         * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
         *
         * @param QueryWriter $writer
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setWriter(QueryWriter $writer) {
            self::$writer = $writer;
        }

        /**
         * Optional accessor for neat code.
         * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
         *
         * @param OODB $redbean
         */
        public static function setRedBean(OODB $redbean) {
            self::$redbean = $redbean;
        }

        /**
         * Optional accessor for neat code.
         * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
         *
         * @return DBAdapter
         */
        public static function getDatabaseAdapter() {
            return self::$adapter;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the current duplication manager instance.
         *
         * @return DuplicationManager
         */
        public static function getDuplicationManager() {
            return self::$duplicationManager;
        }

        /**
         * Optional accessor for neat code.
         * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
         *
         * @return QueryWriter
         */
        public static function getWriter() {
            return self::$writer;
        }

        /**
         * Optional accessor for neat code.
         * Sets the database adapter you want to use.
         *
         * @return OODB
         */
        public static function getRedBean() {
            return self::$redbean;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the toolbox currently used by the facade.
         * To set the toolbox use R::setup() or R::configureFacadeWithToolbox().
         * To create a toolbox use Setup::kickstart(). Or create a manual
         * toolbox using the ToolBox class.
         *
         * @return ToolBox
         */
        public static function getToolBox() {
            return self::$toolbox;
        }

        /**
         * Mostly for internal use, but might be handy
         * for some users.
         * This returns all the components of the currently
         * selected toolbox.
         *
         * Returns the components in the following order:
         *
         * 0 - OODB instance (getRedBean())
         * 1 - Database Adapter
         * 2 - Query Writer
         * 3 - Toolbox itself
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getExtractedToolbox() {
            return array(
                self::$redbean,
                self::$adapter,
                self::$writer,
                self::$toolbox
            );
        }

        /**
         * Facade method for AQueryWriter::renameAssociation()
         *
         * @param string|array $from
         * @param string       $to
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function renameAssociation($from, $to = NULL) {
            AQueryWriter::renameAssociation($from, $to);
        }

        /**
         * Little helper method for Resty Bean Can server and others.
         * Takes an array of beans and exports each bean.
         * Unlike exportAll this method does not recurse into own lists
         * and shared lists, the beans are exported as-is, only loaded lists
         * are exported.
         *
         * @param array $beans beans
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function beansToArray($beans) {
            $list = array();
            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                $list[] = $bean->export();
            }
            return $list;
        }

        /**
         * Sets the error mode for FUSE.
         * What to do if a FUSE model method does not exist?
         * You can set the following options:
         *
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_IGNORE (default), ignores the call, returns NULL
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_LOG, logs the incident using error_log
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_NOTICE, triggers a E_USER_NOTICE
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_WARN, triggers a E_USER_WARNING
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_EXCEPTION, throws an exception
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_FUNC, allows you to specify a custom handler (function)
         * OODBBean::C_ERR_FATAL, triggers a E_USER_ERROR
         *
         * Custom handler method signature: handler( array (
         * 	'message' => string
         * 	'bean' => OODBBean
         * 	'method' => string
         * ) )
         *
         * This method returns the old mode and handler as an array.
         *
         * @param integer       $mode mode
         * @param callable|NULL $func custom handler
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function setErrorHandlingFUSE($mode, $func = NULL) {
            return OODBBean::setErrorHandlingFUSE($mode, $func);
        }

        /**
         * Simple but effective debug function.
         * Given a one or more beans this method will
         * return an array containing first part of the string
         * representation of each item in the array.
         *
         * @param OODBBean|array $data either a bean or an array of beans
         *
         * @return array
         *
         */
        public static function dump($data) {
            $array = array();

            if ($data instanceof OODBBean) {
                $str = strval($data);
                if (strlen($str) > 35) {
                    $beanStr = substr($str, 0, 35) . '... ';
                } else {
                    $beanStr = $str;
                }
                return $beanStr;
            }

            if (is_array($data)) {
                foreach ($data as $key => $item) {
                    $array[$key] = self::dump($item);
                }
            }

            return $array;
        }

        /**
         * Binds an SQL function to a column.
         * This method can be used to setup a decode/encode scheme or
         * perform UUID insertion. This method is especially useful for handling
         * MySQL spatial columns, because they need to be processed first using
         * the asText/GeomFromText functions.
         *
         * Example:
         *
         * R::bindFunc( 'read', 'location.point', 'asText' );
         * R::bindFunc( 'write', 'location.point', 'GeomFromText' );
         *
         * Passing NULL as the function will reset (clear) the function
         * for this column/mode.
         *
         * @param string $mode (read or write)
         * @param string $field
         * @param string $function
         *
         */
        public static function bindFunc($mode, $field, $function) {
            self::$redbean->bindFunc($mode, $field, $function);
        }

        /**
         * Sets global aliases.
         *
         * @param array $list
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function aliases($list) {
            OODBBean::aliases($list);
        }

        /**
         * Tries to find a bean matching a certain type and
         * criteria set. If no beans are found a new bean
         * will be created, the criteria will be imported into this
         * bean and the bean will be stored and returned.
         * If multiple beans match the criteria only the first one
         * will be returned.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean to search for
         * @param array  $like criteria set describing the bean to search for
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public static function findOrCreate($type, $like = array()) {
            return self::$finder->findOrCreate($type, $like);
        }

        /**
         * Tries to find beans matching the specified type and
         * criteria set.
         *
         * If the optional additional SQL snippet is a condition, it will
         * be glued to the rest of the query using the AND operator.
         *
         * @param string $type type of bean to search for
         * @param array  $like optional criteria set describing the bean to search for
         * @param string $sql  optional additional SQL for sorting
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function findLike($type, $like = array(), $sql = '') {
            return self::$finder->findLike($type, $like, $sql);
        }

        /**
         * Starts logging queries.
         * Use this method to start logging SQL queries being
         * executed by the adapter.
         *
         * @note you cannot use R::debug and R::startLogging
         * at the same time because R::debug is essentially a
         * special kind of logging.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function startLogging() {
            self::debug(TRUE, RDefault::C_LOGGER_ARRAY);
        }

        /**
         * Stops logging, comfortable method to stop logging of queries.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function stopLogging() {
            self::debug(FALSE);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the log entries written after the startLogging.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public static function getLogs() {
            return self::getLogger()->getLogs();
        }

        /**
         * Resets the Query counter.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public static function resetQueryCount() {
            self::$adapter->getDatabase()->resetCounter();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the number of SQL queries processed.
         *
         * @return integer
         */
        public static function getQueryCount() {
            return self::$adapter->getDatabase()->getQueryCount();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the current logger instance being used by the
         * database object.
         *
         * @return Logger
         */
        public static function getLogger() {
            return self::$adapter->getDatabase()->getLogger();
        }

        /**
         * Alias for setAutoResolve() method on OODBBean.
         * Enables or disables auto-resolving fetch types.
         * Auto-resolving aliased parent beans is convenient but can
         * be slower and can create infinite recursion if you
         * used aliases to break cyclic relations in your domain.
         *
         * @param boolean $automatic TRUE to enable automatic resolving aliased parents
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public static function setAutoResolve($automatic = TRUE) {
            OODBBean::setAutoResolve((boolean) $automatic);
        }

        /**
         * Dynamically extends the facade with a plugin.
         * Using this method you can register your plugin with the facade and then
         * use the plugin by invoking the name specified plugin name as a method on
         * the facade.
         *
         * Usage:
         *
         * R::ext( 'makeTea', function() { ... }  );
         *
         * Now you can use your makeTea plugin like this:
         *
         * R::makeTea();
         *
         * @param string   $pluginName name of the method to call the plugin
         * @param callable $callable   a PHP callable
         */
        public static function ext($pluginName, $callable) {
            if (!ctype_alnum($pluginName)) {
                throw new RedException('Plugin name may only contain alphanumeric characters.');
            }
            self::$plugins[$pluginName] = $callable;
        }

        /**
         * Call static for use with dynamic plugins. This magic method will
         * intercept static calls and route them to the specified plugin.
         *
         * @param string $pluginName name of the plugin
         * @param array  $params     list of arguments to pass to plugin method
         *
         * @return mixed
         */
        public static function __callStatic($pluginName, $params) {
            if (!ctype_alnum($pluginName)) {
                throw new RedException('Plugin name may only contain alphanumeric characters.');
            }
            if (!isset(self::$plugins[$pluginName])) {
                throw new RedException('Plugin \'' . $pluginName . '\' does not exist, add this plugin using: R::ext(\'' . $pluginName . '\')');
            }
            return call_user_func_array(self::$plugins[$pluginName], $params);
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    use RedBeanPHP\ToolBox as ToolBox;
    use RedBeanPHP\AssociationManager as AssociationManager;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODB as OODB;
    use RedBeanPHP\OODBBean as OODBBean;
    use RedBeanPHP\QueryWriter\AQueryWriter as AQueryWriter;

    /**
     * Duplication Manager.
     * Creates deep copies of beans.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/DuplicationManager.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    class DuplicationManager {

        /**
         * @var ToolBox
         */
        protected $toolbox;

        /**
         * @var AssociationManager
         */
        protected $associationManager;

        /**
         * @var OODB
         */
        protected $redbean;

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $tables = array();

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $columns = array();

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $filters = array();

        /**
         * @var array
         */
        protected $cacheTables = FALSE;

        /**
         * Copies the shared beans in a bean, i.e. all the sharedBean-lists.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $copy   target bean to copy lists to
         * @param string   $shared name of the shared list
         * @param array    $beans  array with shared beans to copy
         *
         * @return void
         */
        private function copySharedBeans(OODBBean $copy, $shared, $beans) {
            $copy->$shared = array();

            foreach ($beans as $subBean) {
                array_push($copy->$shared, $subBean);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Copies the own beans in a bean, i.e. all the ownBean-lists.
         * Each bean in the own-list belongs exclusively to its owner so
         * we need to invoke the duplicate method again to duplicate each bean here.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $copy        target bean to copy lists to
         * @param string   $owned       name of the own list
         * @param array    $beans       array with shared beans to copy
         * @param array    $trail       array with former beans to detect recursion
         * @param boolean  $preserveIDs TRUE means preserve IDs, for export only
         *
         * @return void
         */
        private function copyOwnBeans(OODBBean $copy, $owned, $beans, $trail, $preserveIDs) {
            $copy->$owned = array();
            foreach ($beans as $subBean) {
                array_push($copy->$owned, $this->duplicate($subBean, $trail, $preserveIDs));
            }
        }

        /**
         * Creates a copy of bean $bean and copies all primitive properties (not lists)
         * and the parents beans to the newly created bean. Also sets the ID of the bean
         * to 0.
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean bean to copy
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        private function createCopy(OODBBean $bean) {
            $type = $bean->getMeta('type');

            $copy = $this->redbean->dispense($type);
            $copy->setMeta('sys.dup-from-id', $bean->id);
            $copy->setMeta('sys.old-id', $bean->id);
            $copy->importFrom($bean);
            $copy->id = 0;

            return $copy;
        }

        /**
         * Generates a key from the bean type and its ID and determines if the bean
         * occurs in the trail, if not the bean will be added to the trail.
         * Returns TRUE if the bean occurs in the trail and FALSE otherwise.
         *
         * @param array    $trail list of former beans
         * @param OODBBean $bean  currently selected bean
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        private function inTrailOrAdd(&$trail, OODBBean $bean) {
            $type = $bean->getMeta('type');
            $key = $type . $bean->getID();

            if (isset($trail[$key])) {
                return TRUE;
            }

            $trail[$key] = $bean;

            return FALSE;
        }

        /**
         * Given the type name of a bean this method returns the canonical names
         * of the own-list and the shared-list properties respectively.
         * Returns a list with two elements: name of the own-list, and name
         * of the shared list.
         *
         * @param string $typeName bean type name
         *
         * @return array
         */
        private function getListNames($typeName) {
            $owned = 'own' . ucfirst($typeName);
            $shared = 'shared' . ucfirst($typeName);

            return array($owned, $shared);
        }

        /**
         * Determines whether the bean has an own list based on
         * schema inspection from realtime schema or cache.
         *
         * @param string $type   bean type to get list for
         * @param string $target type of list you want to detect
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        protected function hasOwnList($type, $target) {
            return isset($this->columns[$target][$type . '_id']);
        }

        /**
         * Determines whether the bea has a shared list based on
         * schema inspection from realtime schema or cache.
         *
         * @param string $type   bean type to get list for
         * @param string $target type of list you are looking for
         *
         * @return boolean
         */
        protected function hasSharedList($type, $target) {
            return in_array(AQueryWriter::getAssocTableFormat(array($type, $target)), $this->tables);
        }

        /**
         * @see DuplicationManager::dup
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean        bean to be copied
         * @param array    $trail       trail to prevent infinite loops
         * @param boolean  $preserveIDs preserve IDs
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        protected function duplicate(OODBBean $bean, $trail = array(), $preserveIDs = FALSE) {
            if ($this->inTrailOrAdd($trail, $bean))
                return $bean;

            $type = $bean->getMeta('type');

            $copy = $this->createCopy($bean);
            foreach ($this->tables as $table) {

                if (!empty($this->filters)) {
                    if (!in_array($table, $this->filters))
                        continue;
                }

                list( $owned, $shared ) = $this->getListNames($table);

                if ($this->hasSharedList($type, $table)) {
                    if ($beans = $bean->$shared) {
                        $this->copySharedBeans($copy, $shared, $beans);
                    }
                } elseif ($this->hasOwnList($type, $table)) {
                    if ($beans = $bean->$owned) {
                        $this->copyOwnBeans($copy, $owned, $beans, $trail, $preserveIDs);
                    }

                    $copy->setMeta('sys.shadow.' . $owned, NULL);
                }

                $copy->setMeta('sys.shadow.' . $shared, NULL);
            }

            $copy->id = ( $preserveIDs ) ? $bean->id : $copy->id;

            return $copy;
        }

        /**
         * Constructor,
         * creates a new instance of DupManager.
         *
         * @param ToolBox $toolbox
         */
        public function __construct(ToolBox $toolbox) {
            $this->toolbox = $toolbox;
            $this->redbean = $toolbox->getRedBean();
            $this->associationManager = $this->redbean->getAssociationManager();
        }

        /**
         * Recursively turns the keys of an array into
         * camelCase.
         *
         * @param array   $array       array to camelize
         * @param boolean $dolphinMode whether you want the exception for IDs.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function camelfy($array, $dolphinMode = false) {
            $newArray = array();
            foreach ($array as $key => $element) {
                $newKey = preg_replace_callback('/_(\w)/', function( &$matches ) {
                    return strtoupper($matches[1]);
                }, $key);

                if ($dolphinMode) {
                    $newKey = preg_replace('/(\w)Id$/', '$1ID', $newKey);
                }

                $newArray[$newKey] = ( is_array($element) ) ? $this->camelfy($element, $dolphinMode) : $element;
            }
            return $newArray;
        }

        /**
         * For better performance you can pass the tables in an array to this method.
         * If the tables are available the duplication manager will not query them so
         * this might be beneficial for performance.
         *
         * This method allows two array formats:
         *
         * array( TABLE1, TABLE2 ... )
         *
         * or
         *
         * array( TABLE1 => array( COLUMN1, COLUMN2 ... ) ... )
         *
         * @param array $tables a table cache array
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function setTables($tables) {
            foreach ($tables as $key => $value) {
                if (is_numeric($key)) {
                    $this->tables[] = $value;
                } else {
                    $this->tables[] = $key;
                    $this->columns[$key] = $value;
                }
            }

            $this->cacheTables = TRUE;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a schema array for cache.
         * You can use the return value of this method as a cache,
         * store it in RAM or on disk and pass it to setTables later.
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function getSchema() {
            return $this->columns;
        }

        /**
         * Indicates whether you want the duplication manager to cache the database schema.
         * If this flag is set to TRUE the duplication manager will query the database schema
         * only once. Otherwise the duplicationmanager will, by default, query the schema
         * every time a duplication action is performed (dup()).
         *
         * @param boolean $yesNo TRUE to use caching, FALSE otherwise
         */
        public function setCacheTables($yesNo) {
            $this->cacheTables = $yesNo;
        }

        /**
         * A filter array is an array with table names.
         * By setting a table filter you can make the duplication manager only take into account
         * certain bean types. Other bean types will be ignored when exporting or making a
         * deep copy. If no filters are set all types will be taking into account, this is
         * the default behavior.
         *
         * @param array $filters list of tables to be filtered
         */
        public function setFilters($filters) {
            if (!is_array($filters)) {
                $filters = array($filters);
            }

            $this->filters = $filters;
        }

        /**
         * Makes a copy of a bean. This method makes a deep copy
         * of the bean.The copy will have the following features.
         * - All beans in own-lists will be duplicated as well
         * - All references to shared beans will be copied but not the shared beans themselves
         * - All references to parent objects (_id fields) will be copied but not the parents themselves
         * In most cases this is the desired scenario for copying beans.
         * This function uses a trail-array to prevent infinite recursion, if a recursive bean is found
         * (i.e. one that already has been processed) the ID of the bean will be returned.
         * This should not happen though.
         *
         * Note:
         * This function does a reflectional database query so it may be slow.
         *
         * Note:
         * this function actually passes the arguments to a protected function called
         * duplicate() that does all the work. This method takes care of creating a clone
         * of the bean to avoid the bean getting tainted (triggering saving when storing it).
         *
         * @param OODBBean $bean        bean to be copied
         * @param array    $trail       for internal usage, pass array()
         * @param boolean  $preserveIDs for internal usage
         *
         * @return OODBBean
         */
        public function dup(OODBBean $bean, $trail = array(), $preserveIDs = FALSE) {
            if (!count($this->tables)) {
                $this->tables = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->getTables();
            }

            if (!count($this->columns)) {
                foreach ($this->tables as $table) {
                    $this->columns[$table] = $this->toolbox->getWriter()->getColumns($table);
                }
            }

            $rs = $this->duplicate(( clone $bean), $trail, $preserveIDs);

            if (!$this->cacheTables) {
                $this->tables = array();
                $this->columns = array();
            }

            return $rs;
        }

        /**
         * Exports a collection of beans recursively.
         * This method will export an array of beans in the first argument to a
         * set of arrays. This can be used to send JSON or XML representations
         * of bean hierarchies to the client.
         *
         * For every bean in the array this method will export:
         *
         * - contents of the bean
         * - all own bean lists (recursively)
         * - all shared beans (but not THEIR own lists)
         *
         * If the second parameter is set to TRUE the parents of the beans in the
         * array will be exported as well (but not THEIR parents).
         *
         * The third parameter can be used to provide a white-list array
         * for filtering. This is an array of strings representing type names,
         * only the type names in the filter list will be exported.
         *
         * The fourth parameter can be used to change the keys of the resulting
         * export arrays. The default mode is 'snake case' but this leaves the
         * keys as-is, because 'snake' is the default case style used by
         * RedBeanPHP in the database. You can set this to 'camel' for
         * camel cased keys or 'dolphin' (same as camelcase but id will be
         * converted to ID instead of Id).
         *
         * @param array|OODBBean $beans     beans to be exported
         * @param boolean        $parents   also export parents
         * @param array          $filters   only these types (whitelist)
         * @param string         $caseStyle case style identifier
         *
         * @return array
         */
        public function exportAll($beans, $parents = FALSE, $filters = array(), $caseStyle = 'snake') {
            $array = array();

            if (!is_array($beans)) {
                $beans = array($beans);
            }

            foreach ($beans as $bean) {
                $this->setFilters($filters);

                $duplicate = $this->dup($bean, array(), TRUE);

                $array[] = $duplicate->export(FALSE, $parents, FALSE, $filters);
            }

            if ($caseStyle === 'camel')
                $array = $this->camelfy($array);
            if ($caseStyle === 'dolphin')
                $array = $this->camelfy($array, true);

            return $array;
        }

    }

}

namespace RedBeanPHP {

    /**
     * RedBean Plugin.
     * Marker interface for plugins.
     *
     * @file    RedBean/Plugin.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    interface Plugin {

    }

    ;
}

namespace {

    //make some classes available for backward compatibility
    class RedBean_SimpleModel extends \RedBeanPHP\SimpleModel {

    }

;

    if (!class_exists('R')) {

        class R extends \RedBeanPHP\Facade {

        }

;
    }



    /**
     * Support functions for RedBeanPHP.
     * Additional convenience shortcut functions for RedBeanPHP.
     *
     * @file    RedBeanPHP/Functions.php
     * @author  Gabor de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP community
     * @license BSD/GPLv2
     *
     * @copyright
     * copyright (c) G.J.G.T. (Gabor) de Mooij and the RedBeanPHP Community.
     * This source file is subject to the BSD/GPLv2 License that is bundled
     * with this source code in the file license.txt.
     */
    /**
     * Convenience function for ENUM short syntax in queries.
     *
     * Usage:
     *
     * R::find( 'paint', ' color_id = ? ', [ EID('color:yellow') ] );
     *
     * If a function called EID() already exists you'll have to write this
     * wrapper yourself ;)
     *
     * @param string $enumName enum code as you would pass to R::enum()
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    if (!function_exists('EID')) {

        function EID($enumName) {
            return \RedBeanPHP\Facade::enum($enumName)->id;
        }

    }

    /**
     * Prints the result of R::dump() to the screen using
     * print_r.
     *
     * @param mixed $data data to dump
     *
     * @return void
     */
    if (!function_exists('dump')) {

        function dmp($list) {
            print_r(\RedBeanPHP\Facade::dump($list));
        }

    }

    /**
     * Function alias for R::genSlots().
     */
    if (!function_exists('genslots')) {

        function genslots($slots, $tpl = NULL) {
            return \RedBeanPHP\Facade::genSlots($slots, $tpl);
        }

    }

    /**
     * Function alias for R::flat().
     */
    if (!function_exists('array_flatten')) {

        function array_flatten($array) {
            return \RedBeanPHP\Facade::flat($array);
        }

    }
}
